Salient Object Detection: A Benchmark
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Abstract (arXiv)
We extensively compare, qualitatively and quantitatively, 40 state-of-the-art models (28 salient object detection, 10 fixation prediction, 1 objectness, and 1 baseline) over 6 challenging datasets for the purpose of benchmarking salient object detection and segmentation methods. From the results obtained so far, our evaluation shows a consistent rapid progress over the last few years in terms of both accuracy and running time. The top contenders in this benchmark significantly outperform the models identified as the best in the previous benchmark conducted just two years ago. We find that the models designed specifically for salient object detection generally work better than models in closely related areas, which in turn provides a precise definition and suggests an appropriate treatment of this problem that distinguishes it from other problems. In particular, we analyze the influences of center bias and scene complexity in model performance, which, along with the hard cases for state-of-the-art models, provide useful hints towards constructing more challenging large scale datasets and better saliency models. Finally, we propose probable solutions for tackling several open problems such as evaluation scores and dataset bias, which also suggest future research directions in the rapidly-growing field of salient object detection.
Key facts. Cited by 130 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Jan 2015.
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Citing papers per year: 2020: 1; 2021: 46; 2022: 25; 2023: 23; 2024: 13; 2025: 19; 2026: 3.
130 papers.
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- 2023AnyDoor: Zero-shot Object-level Image Customizationcited by 411
- 2022Kubric: A scalable dataset generatorcited by 373
- 2021Concealed Object Detectioncited by 212
- 2021Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation by Contrasting Object Mask Proposalscited by 190
- 2021Salient Object Detection via Integrity Learningcited by 133
- 2024Bilateral Reference for High-Resolution Dichotomous Image Segmentationcited by 112
- 2022FocalClick: Towards Practical Interactive Image Segmentationcited by 101
- 2021Non-Salient Region Object Mining for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 95
- 2022Video Polyp Segmentation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 81
- 2021Full-Duplex Strategy for Video Object Segmentationcited by 78
- 2023SAM Struggles in Concealed Scenes -- Empirical Study on Segment Anythingcited by 75
- 2021Open-World Entity Segmentationcited by 74
38 more
- 2021Specificity-preserving RGB-D Saliency Detectioncited by 70
- 2023AutoSAM: Adapting SAM to Medical Images by Overloading the Prompt Encodercited by 70
- 2022Deep Gradient Learning for Efficient Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 65
- 2022Pyramid Grafting Network for One-Stage High Resolution Saliency Detectioncited by 63
- 2022SwinNet: Swin Transformer drives edge-aware RGB-D and RGB-T salient object detectioncited by 59
- 2021Deep RGB-D Saliency Detection with Depth-Sensitive Attention and Automatic Multi-Modal Fusioncited by 56
- 2020Predicting Goal-directed Human Attention Using Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 53
- 2023Advances in Deep Concealed Scene Understandingcited by 47
- 2021TriTransNet: RGB-D Salient Object Detection with a Triplet Transformer Embedding Networkcited by 45
- 2021RGB-D Salient Object Detection via 3D Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 36
- 2021Disentangled High Quality Salient Object Detectioncited by 35
- 2021Cross-modality Discrepant Interaction Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 34
- 2021Depth Quality-Inspired Feature Manipulation for Efficient RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 33
- 2023HRTransNet: HRFormer-Driven Two-Modality Salient Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2022SPSN: Superpixel Prototype Sampling Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 26
- 2023Unifying Top-down and Bottom-up Scanpath Prediction Using Transformerscited by 22
- 2022Adjacent Context Coordination Network for Salient Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Imagescited by 21
- 2021Weakly-supervised Instance Segmentation via Class-agnostic Learning with Salient Imagescited by 20
- 2021Salient Objects in Cluttercited by 19
- 2021Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation via Alternative Self-Dual Teachingcited by 18
- 2023Salient Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images Driven by Transformercited by 17
- 2021Multi-Content Complementation Network for Salient Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Imagescited by 16
- 2023Multi-Granularity Denoising and Bidirectional Alignment for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 16
- 2023Advancing Referring Expression Segmentation Beyond Single Imagecited by 16
- 2025Small Object Detection: A Comprehensive Survey on Challenges, Techniques and Real-World Applicationscited by 16
- 2022Lightweight Salient Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images via Feature Correlationcited by 15
- 2023Recurrent Multi-scale Transformer for High-Resolution Salient Object Detectioncited by 15
- 2021Progressive Self-Guided Loss for Salient Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2021Personal Fixations-Based Object Segmentation with Object Localization and Boundary Preservationcited by 14
- 2021BiconNet: An Edge-preserved Connectivity-based Approach for Salient Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2021Recent Advances in Leveraging Human Guidance for Sequential Decision-Making Taskscited by 13
- 2021RGB-D Salient Object Detection with Ubiquitous Target Awarenesscited by 12
- 2022Promoting Saliency From Depth: Deep Unsupervised RGB-D Saliency Detectioncited by 12
- 2023DC-Net: Divide-and-Conquer for Salient Object Detectioncited by 12
- 2023A Survey on Deep Learning for Polyp Segmentation: Techniques, Challenges and Future Trendscited by 12
- 2021Rethinking Semantic Segmentation Evaluation for Explainability and Model Selectioncited by 11
- 2021Channel Exchanging Networks for Multimodal and Multitask Dense Image Predictioncited by 11
- 2022GCoNet+: A Stronger Group Collaborative Co-Salient Object Detectorcited by 11
50 most cited of 130 All 130 (JSON)
- 2026Rank-Consistent Set Reasoning for Co-Salient Object Detection12 Sep 2026
- 2026SphereSOD: Geometry-Structure Coupled Learning for 360 Salient Object Detection7 Sep 2026
- 2026RDVSv2: A Large-scale Benchmark for RGB-D Video Salient Object Detection28 Jul 2026
- 2025RealCamo: Boosting Real Camouflage Synthesis with Layout Controls and Textual-Visual Guidance28 Dec 2025
- 2025Assisted Refinement Network Based on Channel Information Interaction for Camouflaged and Salient Object Detection12 Dec 2025
- 2025S3OD: Towards Generalizable Salient Object Detection with Synthetic Data24 Oct 2025
- 2025A Mutual Learning Method for Salient Object Detection with intertwined Multi-Supervision--Revised21 Sep 2025
- 2025MCOD: The First Challenging Benchmark for Multispectral Camouflaged Object Detection19 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Size-invariant Salient Object Detection: A Generic Evaluation and Optimization Approach19 Sep 2025
- 2025Beyond Global Scanning: Adaptive Visual State Space Modeling for Salient Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images14 Aug 2025
- 2025Distribution-Specific Learning for Joint Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection8 Aug 2025
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Motion and Depth: A Selective Fusion Strategy for RGB-D Video Salient Object Detection29 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025Synthetic-to-Real Camouflaged Object Detection25 Jul 2025
- 2025Tell Me Without Telling Me: Two-Way Prediction of Visualization Literacy and Visual Attention22 Jul 2025
- 2025Feature Hallucination for Self-supervised Action Recognition25 Jun 2025
- 2025FocalClick-XL: Towards Unified and High-quality Interactive Segmentation17 Jun 2025
- 2025Uncertainty Guided Refinement for Fine-Grained Salient Object Detection13 Apr 2025
- 2025Small Object Detection: A Comprehensive Survey on Challenges, Techniques and Real-World Applications26 Mar 2025
- 2025RefCut: Interactive Segmentation with Reference Guidance22 Mar 2025
- 2025E-MD3C: Taming Masked Diffusion Transformers for Efficient Zero-Shot Object Customization13 Feb 2025
- 2025CPDR: Towards Highly-Efficient Salient Object Detection via Crossed Post-decoder Refinement11 Jan 2025
- 2025Dual Mutual Learning Network with Global-local Awareness for RGB-D Salient Object Detection3 Jan 2025
- 2024Seamless Detection: Unifying Salient Object Detection and Camouflaged Object Detection22 Dec 2024
- 2024BIFR"OST: 3D-Aware Image compositing with Language Instructions24 Oct 2024
- 2024Training Better Deep Learning Models Using Human Saliency21 Oct 2024
- 2024UDD: Dataset Distillation via Mining Underutilized Regions29 Aug 2024
- 2024PGNeXt: High-Resolution Salient Object Detection via Pyramid Grafting Network2 Aug 2024
- 2024CoLA: Conditional Dropout and Language-driven Robust Dual-modal Salient Object Detection9 Jul 2024
- 2024Multi-scale Information Sharing and Selection Network with Boundary Attention for Polyp Segmentation18 May 2024
- 20243SHNet: Boosting Image-Sentence Retrieval via Visual Semantic-Spatial Self-Highlighting26 Apr 2024
- 2024GazeFusion: Saliency-Guided Image Generation16 Mar 2024
- 2024Finding Visual Saliency in Continuous Spike Stream10 Mar 2024
- 2024CoFiNet: Unveiling Camouflaged Objects with Multi-Scale Finesse3 Feb 2024
- 2024Discriminative Consensus Mining with A Thousand Groups for More Accurate Co-Salient Object Detection15 Jan 2024
- 2024Bilateral Reference for High-Resolution Dichotomous Image Segmentation7 Jan 2024
- 2023Spectrum-driven Mixed-frequency Network for Hyperspectral Salient Object Detection2 Dec 2023
- 2023A Survey on Deep Learning for Polyp Segmentation: Techniques, Challenges and Future Trends30 Nov 2023
- 2023All in One: RGB, RGB-D, and RGB-T Salient Object Detection23 Nov 2023
- 2023Salient Object Detection in RGB-D Videos24 Oct 2023
- 2023Salient Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images Driven by Transformer15 Sep 2023
- 2023Towards Addressing the Misalignment of Object Proposal Evaluation for Vision-Language Tasks via Semantic Grounding1 Sep 2023
- 2023Recurrent Multi-scale Transformer for High-Resolution Salient Object Detection7 Aug 2023
- 2023Distortion-aware Transformer in 360deg Salient Object Detection7 Aug 2023
- 2023Interactive Segmentation for Diverse Gesture Types Without Context20 Jul 2023
- 2023AnyDoor: Zero-shot Object-level Image Customization18 Jul 2023
- 2023HODINet: High-Order Discrepant Interaction Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detection3 Jul 2023
- 2023AutoSAM: Adapting SAM to Medical Images by Overloading the Prompt Encoder10 Jun 2023
- 2023DC-Net: Divide-and-Conquer for Salient Object Detection24 May 2023
- 2023Advancing Referring Expression Segmentation Beyond Single Image21 May 2023
- 2023Guided Focal Stack Refinement Network for Light Field Salient Object Detection9 May 2023
50 newest of 130 All 130 (JSON)
- 2023AnyDoor: Zero-shot Object-level Image Customizationcited by 411
- 2024GazeFusion: Saliency-Guided Image Generationcited by 4
- 2024BIFR"OST: 3D-Aware Image compositing with Language Instructionscited by 4
- 2025E-MD3C: Taming Masked Diffusion Transformers for Efficient Zero-Shot Object Customizationcited by 2
- 2025E-MD3C: Taming Masked Diffusion Transformers for Efficient Zero-Shot Object Customization13 Feb 2025
- 2024BIFR"OST: 3D-Aware Image compositing with Language Instructions24 Oct 2024
- 2024GazeFusion: Saliency-Guided Image Generation16 Mar 2024
- 2023AnyDoor: Zero-shot Object-level Image Customization18 Jul 2023
- 2022Kubric: A scalable dataset generatorcited by 373
- 2021Concealed Object Detectioncited by 212
- 2021Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation by Contrasting Object Mask Proposalscited by 190
- 2021Salient Object Detection via Integrity Learningcited by 133
- 2024Bilateral Reference for High-Resolution Dichotomous Image Segmentationcited by 112
- 2022FocalClick: Towards Practical Interactive Image Segmentationcited by 101
- 2021Non-Salient Region Object Mining for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 95
- 2022Video Polyp Segmentation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 81
- 2021Full-Duplex Strategy for Video Object Segmentationcited by 78
- 2023SAM Struggles in Concealed Scenes -- Empirical Study on Segment Anythingcited by 75
- 2021Open-World Entity Segmentationcited by 74
- 2021Specificity-preserving RGB-D Saliency Detectioncited by 70
12 most cited of 125 All 125 (JSON)
- 2026Rank-Consistent Set Reasoning for Co-Salient Object Detection12 Sep 2026
- 2026SphereSOD: Geometry-Structure Coupled Learning for 360 Salient Object Detection7 Sep 2026
- 2026RDVSv2: A Large-scale Benchmark for RGB-D Video Salient Object Detection28 Jul 2026
- 2025RealCamo: Boosting Real Camouflage Synthesis with Layout Controls and Textual-Visual Guidance28 Dec 2025
- 2025Assisted Refinement Network Based on Channel Information Interaction for Camouflaged and Salient Object Detection12 Dec 2025
- 2025S3OD: Towards Generalizable Salient Object Detection with Synthetic Data24 Oct 2025
- 2025A Mutual Learning Method for Salient Object Detection with intertwined Multi-Supervision--Revised21 Sep 2025
- 2025MCOD: The First Challenging Benchmark for Multispectral Camouflaged Object Detection19 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Size-invariant Salient Object Detection: A Generic Evaluation and Optimization Approach19 Sep 2025
- 2025Beyond Global Scanning: Adaptive Visual State Space Modeling for Salient Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images14 Aug 2025
- 2025Distribution-Specific Learning for Joint Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection8 Aug 2025
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Motion and Depth: A Selective Fusion Strategy for RGB-D Video Salient Object Detection29 Jul 2025
12 newest of 125 All 125 (JSON)