mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation

arXiv 2105.13562 ↗First posted 28 May 2021cs.CL cs.AIcited by 78

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Abstract (arXiv)

An automated system that could assist a judge in predicting the outcome of a case would help expedite the judicial process. For such a system to be practically useful, predictions by the system should be explainable. To promote research in developing such a system, we introduce ILDC (Indian Legal Documents Corpus). ILDC is a large corpus of 35k Indian Supreme Court cases annotated with original court decisions. A portion of the corpus (a separate test set) is annotated with gold standard explanations by legal experts. Based on ILDC, we propose the task of Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation (CJPE). The task requires an automated system to predict an explainable outcome of a case. We experiment with a battery of baseline models for case predictions and propose a hierarchical occlusion based model for explainability. Our best prediction model has an accuracy of 78% versus 94% for human legal experts, pointing towards the complexity of the prediction task. The analysis of explanations by the proposed algorithm reveals a significant difference in the point of view of the algorithm and legal experts for explaining the judgments, pointing towards scope for future research.

Key facts. Cited by 78 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 May 2021.

Builds on

30 of 55 references.

References · 30

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18 more
  1. 2019Attention is not Explanationcited by 916
  2. 2014Distributed Representations of Sentences and Documentscited by 677
  3. 2016Understanding Neural Networks through Representation Erasurecited by 223
  4. 2019Neural Legal Judgment Prediction in Englishcited by 208
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  9. 2020Distinguish Confusing Law Articles for Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 62
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  11. 2019Legal Judgment Prediction via Multi-Perspective Bi-Feedback Networkcited by 50
  12. 2019Identification of Rhetorical Roles of Sentences in Indian Legal Judgmentscited by 39
  13. 2018Interpretable Charge Predictions for Criminal Cases: Learning to Generate Court Views from Fact Descriptionscited by 36
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 11; 2023: 18; 2024: 19; 2025: 16; 2026: 11.

78 papers.

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  1. 2021LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in Englishcited by 302
  2. 2022Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Predictioncited by 54
  3. 2023LeXFiles and LegalLAMA: Facilitating English Multinational Legal Language Model Developmentcited by 54
  4. 2023Precedent-Enhanced Legal Judgment Prediction with LLM and Domain-Model Collaborationcited by 52
  5. 2022A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challengescited by 50
  6. 2022Pre-trained Language Models for the Legal Domain: A Case Study on Indian Lawcited by 39
  7. 2021Semantic Segmentation of Legal Documents via Rhetorical Rolescited by 26
  8. 2022Named Entity Recognition in Indian court judgmentscited by 26
  9. 2022Corpus for Automatic Structuring of Legal Documentscited by 25
  10. 2022Processing Long Legal Documents with Pre-trained Transformers: Modding LegalBERT and Longformercited by 20
  11. 2022ClassActionPrediction: A Challenging Benchmark for Legal Judgment Prediction of Class Action Cases in the UScited by 17
  12. 2023Multi-Defendant Legal Judgment Prediction via Hierarchical Reasoningcited by 17
38 more
  1. 2022An Empirical Study on Cross-X Transfer for Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 16
  2. 2023U-CREAT: Unsupervised Case Retrieval using Events extrAcTioncited by 16
  3. 2021DKPLM: Decomposable Knowledge-enhanced Pre-trained Language Model for Natural Language Understandingcited by 15
  4. 2024Legal Judgment Reimagined: PredEx and the Rise of Intelligent AI Interpretation in Indian Courtscited by 15
  5. 2023Zero-shot Transfer of Article-aware Legal Outcome Classification for European Court of Human Rights Casescited by 14
  6. 2023From Dissonance to Insights: Dissecting Disagreements in Rationale Construction for Case Outcome Classificationcited by 14
  7. 2026Multimodal Multi-Agent Empowered Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 14
  8. 2023Bringing order into the realm of Transformer-based language models for artificial intelligence and lawcited by 13
  9. 2023Leveraging Task Dependency and Contrastive Learning for Case Outcome Classification on European Court of Human Rights Casescited by 12
  10. 2022HLDC: Hindi Legal Documents Corpuscited by 11
  11. 2024ChronosLex: Time-aware Incremental Training for Temporal Generalization of Legal Classification Taskscited by 11
  12. 2023Fact-based Court Judgment Predictioncited by 10
  13. 2024LawInstruct: A Resource for Studying Language Model Adaptation to the Legal Domaincited by 10
  14. 2023Nonet at SemEval-2023 Task 6: Methodologies for Legal Evaluationcited by 9
  15. 2024On Evaluating Explanation Utility for Human-AI Decision Making in NLPcited by 9
  16. 2025LegalSeg: Unlocking the Structure of Indian Legal Judgments Through Rhetorical Role Classificationcited by 8
  17. 2023SemEval 2023 Task 6: LegalEval - Understanding Legal Textscited by 7
  18. 2024Towards Explainability and Fairness in Swiss Judgement Prediction: Benchmarking on a Multilingual Datasetcited by 7
  19. 2024PILOT: Legal Case Outcome Prediction with Case Lawcited by 6
  20. 2024The FIX Benchmark: Extracting Features Interpretable to eXpertscited by 5
  21. 2025NyayaRAG: Realistic Legal Judgment Prediction with RAG under the Indian Common Law Systemcited by 5
  22. 2025IL-PCSR: Legal Corpus for Prior Case and Statute Retrievalcited by 5
  23. 2024Exploring Large Language Models and Hierarchical Frameworks for Classification of Large Unstructured Legal Documentscited by 4
  24. 2024Towards Explainability in Legal Outcome Prediction Modelscited by 4
  25. 2024Incorporating Precedents for Legal Judgement Prediction on European Court of Human Rights Casescited by 4
  26. 2022Creation and Analysis of an International Corpus of Privacy Lawscited by 3
  27. 2024Legal Fact Prediction: The Missing Piece in Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 3
  28. 2025AnnoCaseLaw: A Richly-Annotated Dataset For Benchmarking Explainable Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 3
  29. 2022Indian Legal Text Summarization: A Text Normalisation-based Approachcited by 2
  30. 2023HiPool: Modeling Long Documents Using Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
  31. 2025Can Large Language Models Predict the Outcome of Judicial Decisions?cited by 2
  32. 2025LegalBench.PT: A Benchmark for Portuguese Lawcited by 2
  33. 2025MARRO: Multi-headed Attention for Rhetorical Role Labeling in Legal Documentscited by 2
  34. 2023Adversarially Robust Neural Legal Judgement Systemscited by 1
  35. 2023A Hierarchical Neural Framework for Classification and its Explanation in Large Unstructured Legal Documentscited by 1
  36. 2023Exploring Graph Neural Networks for Indian Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 1
  37. 2024Convolutional Neural Networks can achieve binary bail judgement classificationcited by 1
  38. 2024InSaAF: Incorporating Safety through Accuracy and Fairness | Are LLMs ready for the Indian Legal Domain?cited by 1

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