mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CAIL2018: A Large-Scale Legal Dataset for Judgment Prediction

arXiv 1807.02478 ↗First posted 4 Jul 2018cs.CLcited by 168

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Cited by 23 in LLM reasoning, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we introduce the Chinese AI and Law challenge dataset (CAIL2018), the first large-scale Chinese legal dataset for judgment prediction. dataset contains more than 2.6 million criminal cases published by the Supreme People's Court of China, which are several times larger than other datasets in existing works on judgment prediction. Moreover, the annotations of judgment results are more detailed and rich. It consists of applicable law articles, charges, and prison terms, which are expected to be inferred according to the fact descriptions of cases. For comparison, we implement several conventional text classification baselines for judgment prediction and experimental results show that it is still a challenge for current models to predict the judgment results of legal cases, especially on prison terms. To help the researchers make improvements on legal judgment prediction, both dataset and baselines will be released after the CAIL competitionfootnotehttp://cail.cipsc.org.cn/.

Key facts. Cited by 168 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Jul 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 13; 2023: 27; 2024: 37; 2025: 39; 2026: 36.

168 papers.

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  1. 2023A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Modelscited by 639
  2. 2021ERNIE 3.0: Large-scale Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Language Understanding and Generationcited by 258
  3. 2023DISC-LawLLM: Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Intelligent Legal Servicescited by 117
  4. 2021Lawformer: A Pre-trained Language Model for Chinese Legal Long Documentscited by 115
  5. 2021ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanationcited by 78
  6. 2021Swiss-Judgment-Prediction: A Multilingual Legal Judgment Prediction Benchmarkcited by 60
  7. 2023PanGu-Sigma: Towards Trillion Parameter Language Model with Sparse Heterogeneous Computingcited by 55
  8. 2023Lawyer LLaMA Technical Reportcited by 54
  9. 2023A Short Survey of Viewing Large Language Models in Legal Aspectcited by 51
  10. 2022A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challengescited by 50
  11. 2022FairLex: A Multilingual Benchmark for Evaluating Fairness in Legal Text Processingcited by 48
  12. 2021ERNIE 3.0 Titan: Exploring Larger-scale Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Language Understanding and Generationcited by 45
38 more
  1. 2022A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Predictioncited by 44
  2. 2024Natural Language Processing for the Legal Domain: A Survey of Tasks, Datasets, Models, and Challengescited by 42
  3. 2021A Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset in Frenchcited by 40
  4. 2024AgentsCourt: Building Judicial Decision-Making Agents with Court Debate Simulation and Legal Knowledge Augmentationcited by 39
  5. 2023Legal Syllogism Prompting: Teaching Large Language Models for Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 37
  6. 2022LEVEN: A Large-Scale Chinese Legal Event Detection Datasetcited by 36
  7. 2024LexEval: A Comprehensive Chinese Legal Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Modelscited by 36
  8. 2025Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Improving Factuality in Legal Question Answeringcited by 28
  9. 2023A Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 27
  10. 2022Corpus for Automatic Structuring of Legal Documentscited by 25
  11. 2021Legal Judgment Prediction with Multi-Stage CaseRepresentation Learning in the Real Court Settingcited by 24
  12. 2021LeSICiN: A Heterogeneous Graph-based Approach for Automatic Legal Statute Identification from Indian Legal Documentscited by 23
  13. 2024Beyond Instruction Following: Evaluating Inferential Rule Following of Large Language Modelscited by 23
  14. 2021Factoring Statutory Reasoning as Language Understanding Challengescited by 20
  15. 2025LexRAG: Benchmarking Retrieval-Augmented Generation in Multi-Turn Legal Consultation Conversationcited by 19
  16. 2023SeqGPT: An Out-of-the-box Large Language Model for Open Domain Sequence Understandingcited by 18
  17. 2023Multi-Defendant Legal Judgment Prediction via Hierarchical Reasoningcited by 17
  18. 2022On the Role of Negative Precedent in Legal Outcome Predictioncited by 16
  19. 2022An Empirical Study on Cross-X Transfer for Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 16
  20. 2024Enabling Discriminative Reasoning in LLMs for Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 16
  21. 2021Learning Fine-grained Fact-Article Correspondence in Legal Casescited by 15
  22. 2021Multi-granular Legal Topic Classification on Greek Legislationcited by 15
  23. 2023One Law, Many Languages: Benchmarking Multilingual Legal Reasoning for Judicial Supportcited by 15
  24. 2024Legal Judgment Reimagined: PredEx and the Rise of Intelligent AI Interpretation in Indian Courtscited by 15
  25. 2021Everything Has a Cause: Leveraging Causal Inference in Legal Text Analysiscited by 14
  26. 2023CaseEncoder: A Knowledge-enhanced Pre-trained Model for Legal Case Encodingcited by 14
  27. 2023The Cambridge Law Corpus: A Dataset for Legal AI Researchcited by 14
  28. 2024LawLuo: A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework for Multi-Round Chinese Legal Consultationcited by 14
  29. 2024Can Large Language Models Grasp Legal Theories? Enhance Legal Reasoning with Insights from Multi-Agent Collaborationcited by 14
  30. 2021Dependency Learning for Legal Judgment Prediction with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 13
  31. 2024Re-TASK: Revisiting LLM Tasks from Capability, Skill, and Knowledge Perspectivescited by 13
  32. 2026PLawBench: A Rubric-Based Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs in Real-World Legal Practicecited by 13
  33. 2023Reformulating Domain Adaptation of Large Language Models as Adapt-Retrieve-Revise: A Case Study on Chinese Legal Domaincited by 12
  34. 2021Equality before the Law: Legal Judgment Consistency Analysis for Fairnesscited by 11
  35. 2022CINO: A Chinese Minority Pre-trained Language Modelcited by 11
  36. 2022HLDC: Hindi Legal Documents Corpuscited by 11
  37. 2025LegalDelta: Enhancing Legal Reasoning in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning with Chain-of-Thought Guided Information Gaincited by 11
  38. 2023BLT: Can Large Language Models Handle Basic Legal Text?cited by 10

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