mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Neural Legal Judgment Prediction in English

arXiv 1906.02059 ↗First posted 5 Jun 2019cs.CLcited by 208

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Abstract (arXiv)

Legal judgment prediction is the task of automatically predicting the outcome of a court case, given a text describing the case's facts. Previous work on using neural models for this task has focused on Chinese; only feature-based models (e.g., using bags of words and topics) have been considered in English. We release a new English legal judgment prediction dataset, containing cases from the European Court of Human Rights. We evaluate a broad variety of neural models on the new dataset, establishing strong baselines that surpass previous feature-based models in three tasks: (1) binary violation classification; (2) multi-label classification; (3) case importance prediction. We also explore if models are biased towards demographic information via data anonymization. As a side-product, we propose a hierarchical version of BERT, which bypasses BERT's length limitation.

Key facts. Cited by 208 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Jun 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 24; 2022: 32; 2023: 36; 2024: 55; 2025: 33; 2026: 28.

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  1. 2022FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awarenesscited by 3,611
  2. 2021LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in Englishcited by 302
  3. 2023Analyzing Leakage of Personally Identifiable Information in Language Modelscited by 278
  4. 2023Challenges and Applications of Large Language Modelscited by 251
  5. 2021When Does Pretraining Help? Assessing Self-Supervised Learning for Law and the CaseHOLD Datasetcited by 199
  6. 2024SaulLM-7B: A pioneering Large Language Model for Lawcited by 136
  7. 2021Lawformer: A Pre-trained Language Model for Chinese Legal Long Documentscited by 115
  8. 2021ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanationcited by 78
  9. 2021Paragraph-level Rationale Extraction through Regularization: A case study on European Court of Human Rights Casescited by 77
  10. 2022Calibrated Learning to Defer with One-vs-All Classifierscited by 68
  11. 2023Goal Driven Discovery of Distributional Differences via Language Descriptionscited by 61
  12. 2021Swiss-Judgment-Prediction: A Multilingual Legal Judgment Prediction Benchmarkcited by 60
38 more
  1. 2023MultiLegalPile: A 689GB Multilingual Legal Corpuscited by 59
  2. 2022Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Predictioncited by 54
  3. 2023Precedent-Enhanced Legal Judgment Prediction with LLM and Domain-Model Collaborationcited by 52
  4. 2022A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challengescited by 50
  5. 2022PLM-ICD: Automatic ICD Coding with Pretrained Language Modelscited by 49
  6. 2022Multi-LexSum: Real-World Summaries of Civil Rights Lawsuits at Multiple Granularitiescited by 47
  7. 2023Evaluating Superhuman Models with Consistency Checkscited by 47
  8. 2022A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Predictioncited by 44
  9. 2024Natural Language Processing for the Legal Domain: A Survey of Tasks, Datasets, Models, and Challengescited by 42
  10. 2021A Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset in Frenchcited by 40
  11. 2022Pre-trained Language Models for the Legal Domain: A Case Study on Indian Lawcited by 39
  12. 2024AgentsCourt: Building Judicial Decision-Making Agents with Court Debate Simulation and Legal Knowledge Augmentationcited by 39
  13. 2022An Exploration of Hierarchical Attention Transformers for Efficient Long Document Classificationcited by 38
  14. 2024LLM-PBE: Assessing Data Privacy in Large Language Modelscited by 38
  15. 2024LawLLM: Law Large Language Model for the US Legal Systemcited by 37
  16. 2022LEVEN: A Large-Scale Chinese Legal Event Detection Datasetcited by 36
  17. 2023Interpretable Long-Form Legal Question Answering with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 35
  18. 2023The Janus Interface: How Fine-Tuning in Large Language Models Amplifies the Privacy Riskscited by 35
  19. 2024LawGPT: A Chinese Legal Knowledge-Enhanced Large Language Modelcited by 34
  20. 2023ChatGPT may Pass the Bar Exam soon, but has a Long Way to Go for the LexGLUE benchmarkcited by 33
  21. 2023KnowGPT: Knowledge Graph based Prompting for Large Language Modelscited by 30
  22. 2023A Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 27
  23. 2021On the Ethical Limits of Natural Language Processing on Legal Textcited by 26
  24. 2021Semantic Segmentation of Legal Documents via Rhetorical Rolescited by 26
  25. 2024Learnable Privacy Neurons Localization in Language Modelscited by 26
  26. 2022Corpus for Automatic Structuring of Legal Documentscited by 25
  27. 2021Legal Judgment Prediction with Multi-Stage CaseRepresentation Learning in the Real Court Settingcited by 24
  28. 2022Deconfounding Legal Judgment Prediction for European Court of Human Rights Cases Towards Better Alignment with Expertscited by 24
  29. 2021LeSICiN: A Heterogeneous Graph-based Approach for Automatic Legal Statute Identification from Indian Legal Documentscited by 23
  30. 2022An Empirical Study on Explanations in Out-of-Domain Settingscited by 21
  31. 2024InterACT: Inter-dependency Aware Action Chunking with Hierarchical Attention Transformers for Bimanual Manipulationcited by 21
  32. 2021Factoring Statutory Reasoning as Language Understanding Challengescited by 20
  33. 2022Processing Long Legal Documents with Pre-trained Transformers: Modding LegalBERT and Longformercited by 20
  34. 2024Chain of Logic: Rule-Based Reasoning with Large Language Modelscited by 18
  35. 2022ClassActionPrediction: A Challenging Benchmark for Legal Judgment Prediction of Class Action Cases in the UScited by 17
  36. 2023Multi-Defendant Legal Judgment Prediction via Hierarchical Reasoningcited by 17
  37. 2025Optimizing the Interface Between Knowledge Graphs and LLMs for Complex Reasoningcited by 17
  38. 2022On the Role of Negative Precedent in Legal Outcome Predictioncited by 16

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