mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

HLDC: Hindi Legal Documents Corpus

arXiv 2204.00806 ↗First posted 2 Apr 2022cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 11

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Abstract (arXiv)

Many populous countries including India are burdened with a considerable backlog of legal cases. Development of automated systems that could process legal documents and augment legal practitioners can mitigate this. However, there is a dearth of high-quality corpora that is needed to develop such data-driven systems. The problem gets even more pronounced in the case of low resource languages such as Hindi. In this resource paper, we introduce the Hindi Legal Documents Corpus (HLDC), a corpus of more than 900K legal documents in Hindi. Documents are cleaned and structured to enable the development of downstream applications. Further, as a use-case for the corpus, we introduce the task of bail prediction. We experiment with a battery of models and propose a Multi-Task Learning (MTL) based model for the same. MTL models use summarization as an auxiliary task along with bail prediction as the main task. Experiments with different models are indicative of the need for further research in this area. We release the corpus and model implementation code with this paper: https://github.com/Exploration-Lab/HLDC

Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2022.

Builds on

15 of 36 references.

References · 15

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2014Distributed Representations of Sentences and Documentscited by 678
  3. 2020Making Monolingual Sentence Embeddings Multilingual using Knowledge Distillationcited by 593
  4. 2019Neural Legal Judgment Prediction in Englishcited by 209
  5. 2018CAIL2018: A Large-Scale Legal Dataset for Judgment Predictioncited by 170
  6. 2020How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligencecited by 129
  7. 2019JEC-QA: A Legal-Domain Question Answering Datasetcited by 116
  8. 2021MultiEURLEX -- A multi-lingual and multi-label legal document classification dataset for zero-shot cross-lingual transfercited by 90
  9. 2021ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanationcited by 78
  10. 2019CAIL2019-SCM: A Dataset of Similar Case Matching in Legal Domaincited by 30
  11. 2019CJRC: A Reliable Human-Annotated Benchmark DataSet for Chinese Judicial Reading Comprehensioncited by 26
  12. 2021Semantic Segmentation of Legal Documents via Rhetorical Rolescited by 26
3 more
  1. 2022Corpus for Automatic Structuring of Legal Documentscited by 25
  2. 2020Building Legal Case Retrieval Systems with Lexical Matching and Summarization using A Pre-Trained Phrase Scoring Modelcited by 24
  3. 2021Long Document Summarization in a Low Resource Setting using Pretrained Language Modelscited by 24

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 5; 2024: 1; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.

11 papers.

  1. 2022A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challengescited by 50
  2. 2022A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Predictioncited by 44
  3. 2023U-CREAT: Unsupervised Case Retrieval using Events extrAcTioncited by 16
  4. 2023Nonet at SemEval-2023 Task 6: Methodologies for Legal Evaluationcited by 9
  5. 2023SemEval 2023 Task 6: LegalEval - Understanding Legal Textscited by 7
  6. 2023Exploring Graph Neural Networks for Indian Legal Judgment Predictioncited by 1
  7. 2024InSaAF: Incorporating Safety through Accuracy and Fairness | Are LLMs ready for the Indian Legal Domain?cited by 1
  8. 2026Advantages of Domain Knowledge Injection for Legal Document Summarization: A Case Study on Summarizing Indian Court Judgments in English and Hindicited by 1
  9. 2023Are Models Trained on Indian Legal Data Fair?cited by 0
  10. 2025Judging by Appearances? Auditing and Intervening Vision-Language Models for Bail Predictioncited by 0
  11. 2026Figurative Justice: Detecting metaphors in Hindi judgements with qualitative assessment and transformerscited by 0