Semantic Drift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Class-incremental learning of deep networks sequentially increases the number of classes to be classified. During training, the network has only access to data of one task at a time, where each task contains several classes. In this setting, networks suffer from catastrophic forgetting which refers to the drastic drop in performance on previous tasks. The vast majority of methods have studied this scenario for classification networks, where for each new task the classification layer of the network must be augmented with additional weights to make room for the newly added classes. Embedding networks have the advantage that new classes can be naturally included into the network without adding new weights. Therefore, we study incremental learning for embedding networks. In addition, we propose a new method to estimate the drift, called semantic drift, of features and compensate for it without the need of any exemplars. We approximate the drift of previous tasks based on the drift that is experienced by current task data. We perform experiments on fine-grained datasets, CIFAR100 and ImageNet-Subset. We demonstrate that embedding networks suffer significantly less from catastrophic forgetting. We outperform existing methods which do not require exemplars and obtain competitive results compared to methods which store exemplars. Furthermore, we show that our proposed SDC when combined with existing methods to prevent forgetting consistently improves results.
Key facts. Cited by 241 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 32; 2022: 39; 2023: 60; 2024: 49; 2025: 35; 2026: 26.
241 papers.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
- 2021DER: Dynamically Expandable Representation for Class Incremental Learningcited by 355
- 2022S-Prompts Learning with Pre-trained Transformers: An Occam's Razor for Domain Incremental Learningcited by 246
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- 2023Revisiting Class-Incremental Learning with Pre-Trained Models: Generalizability and Adaptivity are All You Needcited by 183
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- 2021Supervised Contrastive Replay: Revisiting the Nearest Class Mean Classifier in Online Class-Incremental Continual Learningcited by 140
- 2022Class-Incremental Continual Learning into the eXtended DER-versecited by 121
- 2022FeTrIL: Feature Translation for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 120
- 2021Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting in Incremental Few-Shot Learning by Finding Flat Minimacited by 118
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- 2021Generalized and Incremental Few-Shot Learning by Explicit Learning and Calibration without Forgettingcited by 33
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- 2025Language Guided Concept Bottleneck Models for Interpretable Continual Learningcited by 28
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- 2021GP-Tree: A Gaussian Process Classifier for Few-Shot Incremental Learningcited by 26
50 most cited of 241 All 241 (JSON)
- 2026Dynamic LoRA-Experts and Prototype-Ensemble Matching for Class-Incremental Learning30 Sep 2026
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- 2026Two-Way Is Better Than One: Bidirectional Alignment with Cycle Consistency for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning4 Jun 2026
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- 2025Scalable Class-Incremental Learning Based on Parametric Neural Collapse26 Dec 2025
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- 2025Adversarial Pseudo-replay for Exemplar-free Class-incremental Learning22 Nov 2025
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- 2025Query Drift Compensation: Enabling Compatibility in Continual Learning of Retrieval Embedding Models27 May 2025
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- 2025Efficient Continual Learning through Frequency Decomposition and Integration28 Mar 2025
- 2025KAC: Kolmogorov-Arnold Classifier for Continual Learning27 Mar 2025
- 2025Incremental Object Keypoint Learning26 Mar 2025
- 2025Knowledge Graph Enhanced Generative Multi-modal Models for Class-Incremental Learning24 Mar 2025
- 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learning23 Mar 2025
50 newest of 241 All 241 (JSON)
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
- 2021DER: Dynamically Expandable Representation for Class Incremental Learningcited by 355
- 2022S-Prompts Learning with Pre-trained Transformers: An Occam's Razor for Domain Incremental Learningcited by 246
- 2021Online Continual Learning in Image Classification: An Empirical Surveycited by 242
- 2023Class-Incremental Learning: A Surveycited by 209
- 2021Few-Shot Incremental Learning with Continually Evolved Classifierscited by 184
- 2023Revisiting Class-Incremental Learning with Pre-Trained Models: Generalizability and Adaptivity are All You Needcited by 183
- 2022A Model or 603 Exemplars: Towards Memory-Efficient Class-Incremental Learningcited by 152
- 2021Supervised Contrastive Replay: Revisiting the Nearest Class Mean Classifier in Online Class-Incremental Continual Learningcited by 140
- 2022Class-Incremental Continual Learning into the eXtended DER-versecited by 121
- 2022FeTrIL: Feature Translation for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 120
- 2021Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting in Incremental Few-Shot Learning by Finding Flat Minimacited by 118
12 most cited of 236 All 236 (JSON)
- 2026Dynamic LoRA-Experts and Prototype-Ensemble Matching for Class-Incremental Learning30 Sep 2026
- 2026Decoupled and Distilled: Task-Adaptive LoRA-Teachers with Ensemble Knowledge Transfer for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning30 Sep 2026
- 2026Width Expansion as a Method for Class Incremental Learning29 Sep 2026
- 2026MPT: Missing Prototype Tracking via Barycentric Reconstruction in Vehicular Federated Learning11 Sep 2026
- 2026Quantum Incremental Learning with Mixed State Prototypes11 Aug 2026
- 2026Miles: Metric Learning with Expandable Subspace for Pre-Trained Model-Based Class-Incremental Learning20 Jul 2026
- 2026AlphaWiSE: Adaptive Weight Interpolation for Continual Multimodal Representation Learning16 Jul 2026
- 2026Data-Free Reservoir Features for Efficient Long-Horizon Cold-Start Continual Learning25 Jun 2026
- 2026Geometry-Anchored Transport Framework for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning24 Jun 2026
- 2026When Generator Replay Degrades: Projected Rehearsal Orchestration for Heterogeneous Federated Class-Incremental Learning14 Jun 2026
- 2026Revisiting Prototype Rehearsal for Exemplar-Free Continual Learning: Manifold-Aware Boundary Sampling with Adaptive Class-Balanced Loss4 Jun 2026
- 2026Two-Way Is Better Than One: Bidirectional Alignment with Cycle Consistency for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning4 Jun 2026
12 newest of 236 All 236 (JSON)