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RMM: Reinforced Memory Management for Class-Incremental Learning

arXiv 2301.05792 ↗First posted 14 Jan 2023cs.CVcited by 66

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Abstract (arXiv)

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) [40] trains classifiers under a strict memory budget: in each incremental phase, learning is done for new data, most of which is abandoned to free space for the next phase. The preserved data are exemplars used for replaying. However, existing methods use a static and ad hoc strategy for memory allocation, which is often sub-optimal. In this work, we propose a dynamic memory management strategy that is optimized for the incremental phases and different object classes. We call our method reinforced memory management (RMM), leveraging reinforcement learning. RMM training is not naturally compatible with CIL as the past, and future data are strictly non-accessible during the incremental phases. We solve this by training the policy function of RMM on pseudo CIL tasks, e.g., the tasks built on the data of the 0-th phase, and then applying it to target tasks. RMM propagates two levels of actions: Level-1 determines how to split the memory between old and new classes, and Level-2 allocates memory for each specific class. In essence, it is an optimizable and general method for memory management that can be used in any replaying-based CIL method. For evaluation, we plug RMM into two top-performing baselines (LUCIR+AANets and POD+AANets [30]) and conduct experiments on three benchmarks (CIFAR-100, ImageNet-Subset, and ImageNet-Full). Our results show clear improvements, e.g., boosting POD+AANets by 3.6%, 4.4%, and 1.9% in the 25-Phase settings of the above benchmarks, respectively.

Key facts. Cited by 66 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jan 2023.

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41 of 67 references.

References · 41

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
  3. 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,465
  4. 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,313
  5. 2017Gradient Episodic Memory for Continual Learningcited by 1,871
  6. 2016Neural Architecture Search with Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,489
  7. 2018ImageNet-trained CNNs are biased towards texture; increasing shape bias improves accuracy and robustnesscited by 1,430
  8. 2016Progressive Neural Networkscited by 1,332
  9. 2017Continual Learning with Deep Generative Replaycited by 1,152
  10. 2018Efficient Lifelong Learning with A-GEMcited by 1,044
  11. 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 727
  12. 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 596
29 more
  1. 2015Sequence Level Training with Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 568
  2. 2016Self-critical Sequence Training for Image Captioningcited by 544
  3. 2018Learning to Learn without Forgetting by Maximizing Transfer and Minimizing Interferencecited by 511
  4. 2016Expert Gate: Lifelong Learning with a Network of Expertscited by 369
  5. 2019Maintaining Discrimination and Fairness in Class Incremental Learningcited by 281
  6. 2015Net2Net: Accelerating Learning via Knowledge Transfercited by 245
  7. 2020Semantic Drift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 241
  8. 2020Mnemonics Training: Multi-Class Incremental Learning without Forgettingcited by 220
  9. 2018Reinforced Continual Learningcited by 186
  10. 2021Few-Shot Incremental Learning with Continually Evolved Classifierscited by 184
  11. 2018Reducing Network Agnostophobiacited by 165
  12. 2020Adaptive Aggregation Networks for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 149
  13. 2019A continual learning survey: Defying forgetting in classification taskscited by 118
  14. 2021Distilling Causal Effect of Data in Class-Incremental Learningcited by 117
  15. 2020Conditional Channel Gated Networks for Task-Aware Continual Learningcited by 115
  16. 2015Minimum Risk Training for Neural Machine Translationcited by 114
  17. 2020Memory-Efficient Incremental Learning Through Feature Adaptationcited by 107
  18. 2017Continuous Adaptation via Meta-Learning in Nonstationary and Competitive Environmentscited by 106
  19. 2020iTAML: An Incremental Task-Agnostic Meta-learning Approachcited by 90
  20. 2020Efficient Continual Learning with Modular Networks and Task-Driven Priorscited by 87
  21. 2021On Learning the Geodesic Path for Incremental Learningcited by 85
  22. 2018Incremental Few-Shot Learning with Attention Attractor Networkscited by 65
  23. 2019Online Optimal Control with Linear Dynamics and Predictions: Algorithms and Regret Analysiscited by 40
  24. 2019An Ensemble of Epoch-wise Empirical Bayes for Few-shot Learningcited by 38
  25. 2020Efficient Architecture Search for Continual Learningcited by 34
  26. 2021Generalized and Incremental Few-Shot Learning by Explicit Learning and Calibration without Forgettingcited by 33
  27. 2020Incremental Learning via Rate Reductioncited by 31
  28. 2019Sequential mastery of multiple visual tasks: Networks naturally learn to learn and forget to forgetcited by 13
  29. 2019Neural Architecture Search for Class-incremental Learningcited by 10

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 30; 2024: 14; 2025: 11; 2026: 11.

66 papers.

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  1. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
  2. 2023Class-Incremental Learning: A Surveycited by 209
  3. 2023Revisiting Class-Incremental Learning with Pre-Trained Models: Generalizability and Adaptivity are All You Needcited by 183
  4. 2023Learning without Forgetting for Vision-Language Modelscited by 79
  5. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Forgetting in Deep Learning Beyond Continual Learningcited by 66
  6. 2023TARGET: Federated Class-Continual Learning via Exemplar-Free Distillationcited by 64
  7. 2023PILOT: A Pre-Trained Model-Based Continual Learning Toolboxcited by 64
  8. 2023Computationally Budgeted Continual Learning: What Does Matter?cited by 61
  9. 2023Continual Detection Transformer for Incremental Object Detectioncited by 59
  10. 2023Class-Incremental Exemplar Compression for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 50
  11. 2023PCR: Proxy-based Contrastive Replay for Online Class-Incremental Continual Learningcited by 50
  12. 2023Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Training-Free Prototype Calibrationcited by 44
38 more
  1. 2023Continual Learning for Abdominal Multi-Organ and Tumor Segmentationcited by 43
  2. 2023Continual Semantic Segmentation with Automatic Memory Sample Selectioncited by 39
  3. 2023Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Taxonomycited by 24
  4. 2024Diffusion-Driven Data Replay: A Novel Approach to Combat Forgetting in Federated Class Continual Learningcited by 23
  5. 2023Continual Segment: Towards a Single, Unified and Accessible Continual Segmentation Model of 143 Whole-body Organs in CT Scanscited by 21
  6. 2024Historical Test-time Prompt Tuning for Vision Foundation Modelscited by 21
  7. 2026Anatomy of Agentic Memory: Taxonomy and Empirical Analysis of Evaluation and System Limitationscited by 20
  8. 2023Heterogeneous Forgetting Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 15
  9. 2023Neural Collapse Terminus: A Unified Solution for Class Incremental Learning and Its Variantscited by 14
  10. 2023Wakening Past Concepts without Past Data: Class-Incremental Learning from Online Placeboscited by 14
  11. 2025MINGLE: Mixture of Null-Space Gated Low-Rank Experts for Test-Time Continual Model Mergingcited by 14
  12. 2025Mixture of Noise for Pre-Trained Model-Based Class-Incremental Learningcited by 14
  13. 2023Black-box Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Bi-directional Atkinson-Shiffrin Memorycited by 11
  14. 2024iNeMo: Incremental Neural Mesh Models for Robust Class-Incremental Learningcited by 10
  15. 2024Embracing Massive Medical Datacited by 9
  16. 2024CAPrompt: Cyclic Prompt Aggregation for Pre-Trained Model Based Class Incremental Learningcited by 9
  17. 2023Continual Learning with Dynamic Sparse Training: Exploring Algorithms for Effective Model Updatescited by 8
  18. 2024OpenCIL: Benchmarking Out-of-Distribution Detection in Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
  19. 2024PASS++: A Dual Bias Reduction Framework for Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
  20. 2023Advancing Incremental Few-shot Semantic Segmentation via Semantic-guided Relation Alignment and Adaptationcited by 6
  21. 2024REAL: Representation Enhanced Analytic Learning for Exemplar-free Class-incremental Learningcited by 6
  22. 2025Navigating Semantic Drift in Task-Agnostic Class-Incremental Learningcited by 6
  23. 2023UER: A Heuristic Bias Addressing Approach for Online Continual Learningcited by 5
  24. 2024Branch-Tuning: Balancing Stability and Plasticity for Continual Self-Supervised Learningcited by 4
  25. 2025Null-Space Filtering for Data-Free Continual Model Merging: Preserving Stability, Promoting Plasticitycited by 4
  26. 2023OpenGCD: Assisting Open World Recognition with Generalized Category Discoverycited by 3
  27. 2023OEBench: Investigating Open Environment Challenges in Real-World Relational Data Streamscited by 3
  28. 2026Scaling Continual Learning to 300+ Tasks with Bi-Level Routing Mixture-of-Expertscited by 3
  29. 2023Preserving Locality in Vision Transformers for Class Incremental Learningcited by 2
  30. 2023HPCR: Holistic Proxy-based Contrastive Replay for Online Continual Learningcited by 2
  31. 2023Prompt-Based Exemplar Super-Compression and Regeneration for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
  32. 2024Probing Image Compression For Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
  33. 2024Learning to Classify New Foods Incrementally Via Compressed Exemplarscited by 2
  34. 2025C-LoRA: Continual Low-Rank Adaptation for Pre-trained Visual Modelscited by 2
  35. 2026AC3S: Adaptive Conditioning for 3D-Aware Synthetic Data Generationcited by 2
  36. 2023Shared Growth of Graph Neural Networks via Prompted Free-direction Knowledge Distillationcited by 1
  37. 2024Controllable Relation Disentanglement for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
  38. 2024Dynamic Feature Learning and Matching for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1

50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)