RMM: Reinforced Memory Management for Class-Incremental Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) [40] trains classifiers under a strict memory budget: in each incremental phase, learning is done for new data, most of which is abandoned to free space for the next phase. The preserved data are exemplars used for replaying. However, existing methods use a static and ad hoc strategy for memory allocation, which is often sub-optimal. In this work, we propose a dynamic memory management strategy that is optimized for the incremental phases and different object classes. We call our method reinforced memory management (RMM), leveraging reinforcement learning. RMM training is not naturally compatible with CIL as the past, and future data are strictly non-accessible during the incremental phases. We solve this by training the policy function of RMM on pseudo CIL tasks, e.g., the tasks built on the data of the 0-th phase, and then applying it to target tasks. RMM propagates two levels of actions: Level-1 determines how to split the memory between old and new classes, and Level-2 allocates memory for each specific class. In essence, it is an optimizable and general method for memory management that can be used in any replaying-based CIL method. For evaluation, we plug RMM into two top-performing baselines (LUCIR+AANets and POD+AANets [30]) and conduct experiments on three benchmarks (CIFAR-100, ImageNet-Subset, and ImageNet-Full). Our results show clear improvements, e.g., boosting POD+AANets by 3.6%, 4.4%, and 1.9% in the 25-Phase settings of the above benchmarks, respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 66 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jan 2023.
Builds on
41 of 67 references.
References · 41
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
- 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,465
- 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,313
- 2017Gradient Episodic Memory for Continual Learningcited by 1,871
- 2016Neural Architecture Search with Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,489
- 2018ImageNet-trained CNNs are biased towards texture; increasing shape bias improves accuracy and robustnesscited by 1,430
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- 2018Efficient Lifelong Learning with A-GEMcited by 1,044
- 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 727
- 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 596
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- 2016Self-critical Sequence Training for Image Captioningcited by 544
- 2018Learning to Learn without Forgetting by Maximizing Transfer and Minimizing Interferencecited by 511
- 2016Expert Gate: Lifelong Learning with a Network of Expertscited by 369
- 2019Maintaining Discrimination and Fairness in Class Incremental Learningcited by 281
- 2015Net2Net: Accelerating Learning via Knowledge Transfercited by 245
- 2020Semantic Drift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 241
- 2020Mnemonics Training: Multi-Class Incremental Learning without Forgettingcited by 220
- 2018Reinforced Continual Learningcited by 186
- 2021Few-Shot Incremental Learning with Continually Evolved Classifierscited by 184
- 2018Reducing Network Agnostophobiacited by 165
- 2020Adaptive Aggregation Networks for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 149
- 2019A continual learning survey: Defying forgetting in classification taskscited by 118
- 2021Distilling Causal Effect of Data in Class-Incremental Learningcited by 117
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- 2020Efficient Continual Learning with Modular Networks and Task-Driven Priorscited by 87
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- 2018Incremental Few-Shot Learning with Attention Attractor Networkscited by 65
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- 2019An Ensemble of Epoch-wise Empirical Bayes for Few-shot Learningcited by 38
- 2020Efficient Architecture Search for Continual Learningcited by 34
- 2021Generalized and Incremental Few-Shot Learning by Explicit Learning and Calibration without Forgettingcited by 33
- 2020Incremental Learning via Rate Reductioncited by 31
- 2019Sequential mastery of multiple visual tasks: Networks naturally learn to learn and forget to forgetcited by 13
- 2019Neural Architecture Search for Class-incremental Learningcited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 30; 2024: 14; 2025: 11; 2026: 11.
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