mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

FeTrIL: Feature Translation for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning

arXiv 2211.13131 ↗First posted 23 Nov 2022cs.CV cs.AI cs.LGcited by 120

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Abstract (arXiv)

Exemplar-free class-incremental learning is very challenging due to the negative effect of catastrophic forgetting. A balance between stability and plasticity of the incremental process is needed in order to obtain good accuracy for past as well as new classes. Existing exemplar-free class-incremental methods focus either on successive fine tuning of the model, thus favoring plasticity, or on using a feature extractor fixed after the initial incremental state, thus favoring stability. We introduce a method which combines a fixed feature extractor and a pseudo-features generator to improve the stability-plasticity balance. The generator uses a simple yet effective geometric translation of new class features to create representations of past classes, made of pseudo-features. The translation of features only requires the storage of the centroid representations of past classes to produce their pseudo-features. Actual features of new classes and pseudo-features of past classes are fed into a linear classifier which is trained incrementally to discriminate between all classes. The incremental process is much faster with the proposed method compared to mainstream ones which update the entire deep model. Experiments are performed with three challenging datasets, and different incremental settings. A comparison with ten existing methods shows that our method outperforms the others in most cases.

Key facts. Cited by 120 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Nov 2022.

Builds on

32 of 49 references.

References · 32

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,950
  2. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,180
  3. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,476
  4. 2016Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networkscited by 4,753
  5. 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,479
  6. 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,323
  7. 2018Continual Lifelong Learning with Neural Networks: A Reviewcited by 1,322
  8. 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 728
  9. 2019Three scenarios for continual learningcited by 612
  10. 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 597
  11. 2020Class-incremental learning: survey and performance evaluation on image classificationcited by 448
  12. 2018A Survey on Deep Transfer Learningcited by 417
20 more
  1. 2020What is being transferred in transfer learning?cited by 366
  2. 2017Measuring Catastrophic Forgetting in Neural Networkscited by 360
  3. 2014CNN Features off-the-shelf: an Astounding Baseline for Recognitioncited by 316
  4. 2019Maintaining Discrimination and Fairness in Class Incremental Learningcited by 281
  5. 2020Semantic Drift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 241
  6. 2020Mnemonics Training: Multi-Class Incremental Learning without Forgettingcited by 220
  7. 2020Adaptive Aggregation Networks for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 149
  8. 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 130
  9. 2019A continual learning survey: Defying forgetting in classification taskscited by 118
  10. 2022Self-Sustaining Representation Expansion for Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learningcited by 118
  11. 2020A Comprehensive Study of Class Incremental Learning Algorithms for Visual Taskscited by 107
  12. 2019Lifelong Machine Learning with Deep Streaming Linear Discriminant Analysiscited by 92
  13. 2015The Extreme Value Machinecited by 78
  14. 2021Efficient Feature Transformations for Discriminative and Generative Continual Learningcited by 50
  15. 2022Online Continual Learning for Embedded Devicescited by 49
  16. 2021A TinyML Platform for On-Device Continual Learning with Quantized Latent Replayscited by 37
  17. 2018DeeSIL: Deep-Shallow Incremental Learningcited by 30
  18. 2019A Two-Stage Approach to Few-Shot Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 18
  19. 2017A Strategy for an Uncompromising Incremental Learnercited by 9
  20. 2021Self-Supervised Features Improve Open-World Learningcited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 13 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 18; 2024: 42; 2025: 39; 2026: 20.

120 papers.

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  1. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 862
  2. 2023Class-Incremental Learning: A Surveycited by 209
  3. 2023FeCAM: Exploiting the Heterogeneity of Class Distributions in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 86
  4. 2024MagMax: Leveraging Model Merging for Seamless Continual Learningcited by 67
  5. 2024Divide and not forget: Ensemble of selectively trained experts in Continual Learningcited by 38
  6. 2024Elastic Feature Consolidation for Cold Start Exemplar-Free Incremental Learningcited by 37
  7. 2024Resurrecting Old Classes with New Data for Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 33
  8. 2024Exemplar-free Continual Representation Learning via Learnable Drift Compensationcited by 31
  9. 2025Language Guided Concept Bottleneck Models for Interpretable Continual Learningcited by 28
  10. 2023Tangent Model Composition for Ensembling and Continual Fine-tuningcited by 25
  11. 2023ICICLE: Interpretable Class Incremental Continual Learningcited by 24
  12. 2023Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Taxonomycited by 24
38 more
  1. 2024DiffClass: Diffusion-Based Class Incremental Learningcited by 23
  2. 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 17
  3. 2024Task-recency bias strikes back: Adapting covariances in Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learningcited by 14
  4. 2024F-OAL: Forward-only Online Analytic Learning with Fast Training and Low Memory Footprint in Class Incremental Learningcited by 12
  5. 2025Continual Unlearning for Foundational Text-to-Image Models without Generalization Erosioncited by 11
  6. 2024Continual Adapter Tuning with Semantic Shift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 10
  7. 2024Continual Learning in the Presence of Repetitioncited by 10
  8. 2024iNeMo: Incremental Neural Mesh Models for Robust Class-Incremental Learningcited by 10
  9. 2023Online Continual Learning in Keyword Spotting for Low-Resource Devices via Pooling High-Order Temporal Statisticscited by 9
  10. 2024Calibrating Higher-Order Statistics for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Pre-trained Vision Transformerscited by 9
  11. 2024FedProK: Trustworthy Federated Class-Incremental Learning via Prototypical Feature Knowledge Transfercited by 9
  12. 2022Task-Adaptive Saliency Guidance for Exemplar-free Class Incremental Learningcited by 8
  13. 2025On the Discrimination and Consistency for Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learningcited by 8
  14. 2023An Analysis of Initial Training Strategies for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
  15. 2024Continual Learning with Neuromorphic Computing: Foundations, Methods, and Emerging Applicationscited by 7
  16. 2025Semantic Shift Estimation via Dual-Projection and Classifier Reconstruction for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
  17. 2023Non-exemplar Class-incremental Learning by Random Auxiliary Classes Augmentation and Mixed Featurescited by 6
  18. 2024REAL: Representation Enhanced Analytic Learning for Exemplar-free Class-incremental Learningcited by 6
  19. 2024Towards Incremental Learning in Large Language Models: A Critical Reviewcited by 6
  20. 2024An Empirical Analysis of Forgetting in Pre-trained Models with Incremental Low-Rank Updatescited by 6
  21. 2023Category Adaptation Meets Projected Distillation in Generalized Continual Category Discoverycited by 5
  22. 2024CEAT: Continual Expansion and Absorption Transformer for Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learningcited by 5
  23. 2024Premonition: Using Generative Models to Preempt Future Data Changes in Continual Learningcited by 5
  24. 2024FeTrIL++: Feature Translation for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning with Hill-Climbingcited by 5
  25. 2025Query Drift Compensation: Enabling Compatibility in Continual Learning of Retrieval Embedding Modelscited by 5
  26. 2023HyperMask: Adaptive Hypernetwork-based Masks for Continual Learningcited by 4
  27. 2024Branch-Tuning: Balancing Stability and Plasticity for Continual Self-Supervised Learningcited by 4
  28. 2024Future-Proofing Class-Incremental Learningcited by 4
  29. 2024Online Analytic Exemplar-Free Continual Learning with Large Models for Imbalanced Autonomous Driving Taskcited by 4
  30. 2024Diffusion Model Meets Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning and Beyondcited by 4
  31. 2025H2ST: Hierarchical Two-Sample Tests for Continual Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 4
  32. 2023Remind of the Past: Incremental Learning with Analogical Promptscited by 3
  33. 2023Efficient Expansion and Gradient Based Task Inference for Replay Free Incremental Learningcited by 3
  34. 2024Self-Regulated Neurogenesis for Online Data-Incremental Learningcited by 3
  35. 2025Harmony: A Unified Framework for Modality Incremental Learningcited by 3
  36. 2025PrePrompt: Predictive prompting for class incremental learningcited by 3
  37. 2025Parameter Efficient Continual Learning with Dynamic Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 3
  38. 2025Divide-and-Conquer for Enhancing Unlabeled Learning, Stability, and Plasticity in Semi-supervised Continual Learningcited by 3

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