FeTrIL: Feature Translation for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Exemplar-free class-incremental learning is very challenging due to the negative effect of catastrophic forgetting. A balance between stability and plasticity of the incremental process is needed in order to obtain good accuracy for past as well as new classes. Existing exemplar-free class-incremental methods focus either on successive fine tuning of the model, thus favoring plasticity, or on using a feature extractor fixed after the initial incremental state, thus favoring stability. We introduce a method which combines a fixed feature extractor and a pseudo-features generator to improve the stability-plasticity balance. The generator uses a simple yet effective geometric translation of new class features to create representations of past classes, made of pseudo-features. The translation of features only requires the storage of the centroid representations of past classes to produce their pseudo-features. Actual features of new classes and pseudo-features of past classes are fed into a linear classifier which is trained incrementally to discriminate between all classes. The incremental process is much faster with the proposed method compared to mainstream ones which update the entire deep model. Experiments are performed with three challenging datasets, and different incremental settings. A comparison with ten existing methods shows that our method outperforms the others in most cases.
Key facts. Cited by 120 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Nov 2022.
Builds on
32 of 49 references.
References · 32
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,950
- 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,180
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,476
- 2016Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networkscited by 4,753
- 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,479
- 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,323
- 2018Continual Lifelong Learning with Neural Networks: A Reviewcited by 1,322
- 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 728
- 2019Three scenarios for continual learningcited by 612
- 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 597
- 2020Class-incremental learning: survey and performance evaluation on image classificationcited by 448
- 2018A Survey on Deep Transfer Learningcited by 417
20 more
- 2020What is being transferred in transfer learning?cited by 366
- 2017Measuring Catastrophic Forgetting in Neural Networkscited by 360
- 2014CNN Features off-the-shelf: an Astounding Baseline for Recognitioncited by 316
- 2019Maintaining Discrimination and Fairness in Class Incremental Learningcited by 281
- 2020Semantic Drift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 241
- 2020Mnemonics Training: Multi-Class Incremental Learning without Forgettingcited by 220
- 2020Adaptive Aggregation Networks for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 149
- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 130
- 2019A continual learning survey: Defying forgetting in classification taskscited by 118
- 2022Self-Sustaining Representation Expansion for Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learningcited by 118
- 2020A Comprehensive Study of Class Incremental Learning Algorithms for Visual Taskscited by 107
- 2019Lifelong Machine Learning with Deep Streaming Linear Discriminant Analysiscited by 92
- 2015The Extreme Value Machinecited by 78
- 2021Efficient Feature Transformations for Discriminative and Generative Continual Learningcited by 50
- 2022Online Continual Learning for Embedded Devicescited by 49
- 2021A TinyML Platform for On-Device Continual Learning with Quantized Latent Replayscited by 37
- 2018DeeSIL: Deep-Shallow Incremental Learningcited by 30
- 2019A Two-Stage Approach to Few-Shot Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 18
- 2017A Strategy for an Uncompromising Incremental Learnercited by 9
- 2021Self-Supervised Features Improve Open-World Learningcited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 18; 2024: 42; 2025: 39; 2026: 20.
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- 2024MagMax: Leveraging Model Merging for Seamless Continual Learningcited by 67
- 2024Divide and not forget: Ensemble of selectively trained experts in Continual Learningcited by 38
- 2024Elastic Feature Consolidation for Cold Start Exemplar-Free Incremental Learningcited by 37
- 2024Resurrecting Old Classes with New Data for Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 33
- 2024Exemplar-free Continual Representation Learning via Learnable Drift Compensationcited by 31
- 2025Language Guided Concept Bottleneck Models for Interpretable Continual Learningcited by 28
- 2023Tangent Model Composition for Ensembling and Continual Fine-tuningcited by 25
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- 2026Quantum Incremental Learning with Mixed State Prototypes11 Aug 2026
- 2026MAGIC-SSCIL: Manifold Anchoring and Geometric Incremental Calibration for Semi-Supervised Class Incremental Learning5 Aug 2026
- 2026Breaking the Synthetic-Real Domain Shortcut for Training-Free Generative Replay-based Class Incremental Learning25 Jul 2026
- 2026Data-Free Reservoir Features for Efficient Long-Horizon Cold-Start Continual Learning25 Jun 2026
- 2026Geometry-Anchored Transport Framework for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning24 Jun 2026
- 2026When Generator Replay Degrades: Projected Rehearsal Orchestration for Heterogeneous Federated Class-Incremental Learning14 Jun 2026
- 2026ECA: Efficient Continual Alignment for Open-Ended Image-to-Text Generation10 Jun 2026
- 2026HydraCIL: Decoupled Class-Incremental Learning through Prototype-Guided Multi-Head Classifiers8 Jun 2026
- 2026Revisiting Prototype Rehearsal for Exemplar-Free Continual Learning: Manifold-Aware Boundary Sampling with Adaptive Class-Balanced Loss4 Jun 2026
- 2026Two-Way Is Better Than One: Bidirectional Alignment with Cycle Consistency for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning4 Jun 2026
- 2026Stop Marginalizing My Dreams: Model Inversion via Laplace Kernel for Continual Learning12 May 2026
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