Resurrecting Old Classes with New Data for Exemplar-Free Continual Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Continual learning methods are known to suffer from catastrophic forgetting, a phenomenon that is particularly hard to counter for methods that do not store exemplars of previous tasks. Therefore, to reduce potential drift in the feature extractor, existing exemplar-free methods are typically evaluated in settings where the first task is significantly larger than subsequent tasks. Their performance drops drastically in more challenging settings starting with a smaller first task. To address this problem of feature drift estimation for exemplar-free methods, we propose to adversarially perturb the current samples such that their embeddings are close to the old class prototypes in the old model embedding space. We then estimate the drift in the embedding space from the old to the new model using the perturbed images and compensate the prototypes accordingly. We exploit the fact that adversarial samples are transferable from the old to the new feature space in a continual learning setting. The generation of these images is simple and computationally cheap. We demonstrate in our experiments that the proposed approach better tracks the movement of prototypes in embedding space and outperforms existing methods on several standard continual learning benchmarks as well as on fine-grained datasets. Code is available at https://github.com/dipamgoswami/ADC.
Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 May 2024.
Builds on
38 of 60 references.
References · 38
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,498
- 2014Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examplescited by 7,364
- 2017Towards Deep Learning Models Resistant to Adversarial Attackscited by 6,415
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- 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,333
- 2015DeepFool: a simple and accurate method to fool deep neural networkscited by 1,318
- 2018Experience Replay for Continual Learningcited by 1,095
- 2019Adversarial Examples Are Not Bugs, They Are Featurescited by 953
- 2021Learning to Prompt for Continual Learningcited by 944
- 2016Adversarial Machine Learning at Scalecited by 936
26 more
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
- 2016Universal adversarial perturbationscited by 784
- 2018Riemannian Walk for Incremental Learning: Understanding Forgetting and Intransigencecited by 742
- 2019Adversarial Training for Free!cited by 643
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- 2019Three scenarios for continual learningcited by 614
- 2022CODA-Prompt: COntinual Decomposed Attention-based Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 450
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- 2016Transferability in Machine Learning: from Phenomena to Black-Box Attacks using Adversarial Samplescited by 446
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- 2020Semantic Drift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 241
- 2022FOSTER: Feature Boosting and Compression for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 229
- 2020Adversarial Continual Learningcited by 142
- 2022FeTrIL: Feature Translation for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 121
- 2023Hierarchical Decomposition of Prompt-Based Continual Learning: Rethinking Obscured Sub-optimalitycited by 121
- 2022Self-Sustaining Representation Expansion for Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learningcited by 118
- 2023FeCAM: Exploiting the Heterogeneity of Class Distributions in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 87
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- 2020Gradient-based Editing of Memory Examples for Online Task-free Continual Learningcited by 62
- 2022A Simple Baseline that Questions the Use of Pretrained-Models in Continual Learningcited by 54
- 2023Augmented Box Replay: Overcoming Foreground Shift for Incremental Object Detectioncited by 32
- 2023ICICLE: Interpretable Class Incremental Continual Learningcited by 24
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- 2023NAPA-VQ: Neighborhood Aware Prototype Augmentation with Vector Quantization for Continual Learningcited by 12
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 20; 2026: 8.
33 papers.
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- 2024Exemplar-free Continual Representation Learning via Learnable Drift Compensationcited by 31
- 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 18
- 2025Task-Agnostic Guided Feature Expansion for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 15
- 2025Rethinking the Stability-Plasticity Trade-off in Continual Learning from an Architectural Perspectivecited by 14
- 2024What Makes a Good Dataset for Knowledge Distillation?cited by 9
- 2025On the Discrimination and Consistency for Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learningcited by 8
- 2025Navigating Semantic Drift in Task-Agnostic Class-Incremental Learningcited by 8
- 2025Semantic Shift Estimation via Dual-Projection and Classifier Reconstruction for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
- 2024VA-MoE: Variables-Adaptive Mixture of Experts for Incremental Weather Forecastingcited by 6
- 2024How green is continual learning, really? Analyzing the energy consumption in continual training of vision foundation modelscited by 5
- 2025Query Drift Compensation: Enabling Compatibility in Continual Learning of Retrieval Embedding Modelscited by 5
- 2025AnalyticKWS: Towards Exemplar-Free Analytic Class Incremental Learning for Small-footprint Keyword Spottingcited by 4
21 more
- 2025Parameter Efficient Continual Learning with Dynamic Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 3
- 2025Towards Efficient and Exact Forgetting Services in Pre-Trained-Model-based Continual Learningcited by 3
- 2026Elastic Weight Consolidation Done Right for Continual Learningcited by 3
- 2025EFC++: Elastic Feature Consolidation with Prototype Re-balancing for Cold Start Exemplar-free Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2025Replay to Remember (R2R): An Efficient Uncertainty-driven Unsupervised Continual Learning Framework Using Generative Replaycited by 2
- 2025InTAct: Interval-based Task Activation Consolidation for Continual Learningcited by 2
- 2025Unifying Locality of KANs and Feature Drift Compensation Projection for Data-free Replay based Continual Face Forgery Detectioncited by 1
- 2026Continual Learning with Vision-Language Models via Semantic-Geometry Preservationcited by 1
- 2026Continual Distillation of Teachers from Different Domainscited by 1
- 2026Two-Way Is Better Than One: Bidirectional Alignment with Cycle Consistency for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2024Balanced Gradient Sample Retrieval for Enhanced Knowledge Retention in Proxy-based Continual Learningcited by 0
- 2025WECAR: An End-Edge Collaborative Inference and Training Framework for WiFi-Based Continuous Human Activity Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Restoring Forgotten Knowledge in Non-Exemplar Class Incremental Learning through Test-Time Semantic Evolutioncited by 0
- 2025Prototype Augmented Hypernetworks for Continual Learningcited by 0
- 2025Continual Learning Beyond Experience Rehearsal and Full Model Surrogatescited by 0
- 2025Adaptive Model Ensemble for Continual Learningcited by 0
- 2025Adversarial Pseudo-replay for Exemplar-free Class-incremental Learningcited by 0
- 2026Memory-efficient Continual Learning with Prototypical Exemplar Condensationcited by 0
- 2026Revisiting Prototype Rehearsal for Exemplar-Free Continual Learning: Manifold-Aware Boundary Sampling with Adaptive Class-Balanced Losscited by 0
- 2026Geometry-Anchored Transport Framework for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
- 2026Data-Free Reservoir Features for Efficient Long-Horizon Cold-Start Continual Learningcited by 0
- 2026Data-Free Reservoir Features for Efficient Long-Horizon Cold-Start Continual Learning25 Jun 2026
- 2026Geometry-Anchored Transport Framework for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning24 Jun 2026
- 2026Revisiting Prototype Rehearsal for Exemplar-Free Continual Learning: Manifold-Aware Boundary Sampling with Adaptive Class-Balanced Loss4 Jun 2026
- 2026Two-Way Is Better Than One: Bidirectional Alignment with Cycle Consistency for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning4 Jun 2026
- 2026Continual Distillation of Teachers from Different Domains10 Apr 2026
- 2026Elastic Weight Consolidation Done Right for Continual Learning19 Mar 2026
- 2026Memory-efficient Continual Learning with Prototypical Exemplar Condensation14 Mar 2026
- 2026Continual Learning with Vision-Language Models via Semantic-Geometry Preservation12 Mar 2026
- 2025Adversarial Pseudo-replay for Exemplar-free Class-incremental Learning22 Nov 2025
- 2025InTAct: Interval-based Task Activation Consolidation for Continual Learning21 Nov 2025
- 2025Adaptive Model Ensemble for Continual Learning24 Sep 2025
- 2025Unifying Locality of KANs and Feature Drift Compensation Projection for Data-free Replay based Continual Face Forgery Detection5 Aug 2025
21 more
- 2025Rethinking the Stability-Plasticity Trade-off in Continual Learning from an Architectural Perspective4 Jun 2025
- 2025Continual Learning Beyond Experience Rehearsal and Full Model Surrogates28 May 2025
- 2025Query Drift Compensation: Enabling Compatibility in Continual Learning of Retrieval Embedding Models27 May 2025
- 2025Towards Efficient and Exact Forgetting Services in Pre-Trained-Model-based Continual Learning18 May 2025
- 2025Parameter Efficient Continual Learning with Dynamic Low-Rank Adaptation17 May 2025
- 2025AnalyticKWS: Towards Exemplar-Free Analytic Class Incremental Learning for Small-footprint Keyword Spotting17 May 2025
- 2025Prototype Augmented Hypernetworks for Continual Learning12 May 2025
- 2025Replay to Remember (R2R): An Efficient Uncertainty-driven Unsupervised Continual Learning Framework Using Generative Replay7 May 2025
- 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learning23 Mar 2025
- 2025Restoring Forgotten Knowledge in Non-Exemplar Class Incremental Learning through Test-Time Semantic Evolution21 Mar 2025
- 2025EFC++: Elastic Feature Consolidation with Prototype Re-balancing for Cold Start Exemplar-free Incremental Learning13 Mar 2025
- 2025WECAR: An End-Edge Collaborative Inference and Training Framework for WiFi-Based Continuous Human Activity Recognition9 Mar 2025
- 2025Semantic Shift Estimation via Dual-Projection and Classifier Reconstruction for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning7 Mar 2025
- 2025Task-Agnostic Guided Feature Expansion for Class-Incremental Learning2 Mar 2025
- 2025Navigating Semantic Drift in Task-Agnostic Class-Incremental Learning11 Feb 2025
- 2025On the Discrimination and Consistency for Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learning26 Jan 2025
- 2024Balanced Gradient Sample Retrieval for Enhanced Knowledge Retention in Proxy-based Continual Learning19 Dec 2024
- 2024VA-MoE: Variables-Adaptive Mixture of Experts for Incremental Weather Forecasting3 Dec 2024
- 2024What Makes a Good Dataset for Knowledge Distillation?19 Nov 2024
- 2024How green is continual learning, really? Analyzing the energy consumption in continual training of vision foundation models27 Sep 2024
- 2024Exemplar-free Continual Representation Learning via Learnable Drift Compensation11 Jul 2024
- 2024What Makes a Good Dataset for Knowledge Distillation?cited by 9
- 2026Continual Distillation of Teachers from Different Domainscited by 1
- 2026Continual Distillation of Teachers from Different Domains10 Apr 2026
- 2024What Makes a Good Dataset for Knowledge Distillation?19 Nov 2024
- 2024Exemplar-free Continual Representation Learning via Learnable Drift Compensationcited by 31
- 2025LoRA Subtraction for Drift-Resistant Space in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 18
- 2025Task-Agnostic Guided Feature Expansion for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 15
- 2025Rethinking the Stability-Plasticity Trade-off in Continual Learning from an Architectural Perspectivecited by 14
- 2025On the Discrimination and Consistency for Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learningcited by 8
- 2025Navigating Semantic Drift in Task-Agnostic Class-Incremental Learningcited by 8
- 2025Semantic Shift Estimation via Dual-Projection and Classifier Reconstruction for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
- 2024How green is continual learning, really? Analyzing the energy consumption in continual training of vision foundation modelscited by 5
- 2025AnalyticKWS: Towards Exemplar-Free Analytic Class Incremental Learning for Small-footprint Keyword Spottingcited by 4
- 2025Parameter Efficient Continual Learning with Dynamic Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 3
- 2026Elastic Weight Consolidation Done Right for Continual Learningcited by 3
- 2025EFC++: Elastic Feature Consolidation with Prototype Re-balancing for Cold Start Exemplar-free Incremental Learningcited by 2
12 most cited of 27 All 27 (JSON)
- 2026Data-Free Reservoir Features for Efficient Long-Horizon Cold-Start Continual Learning25 Jun 2026
- 2026Geometry-Anchored Transport Framework for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning24 Jun 2026
- 2026Revisiting Prototype Rehearsal for Exemplar-Free Continual Learning: Manifold-Aware Boundary Sampling with Adaptive Class-Balanced Loss4 Jun 2026
- 2026Two-Way Is Better Than One: Bidirectional Alignment with Cycle Consistency for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Learning4 Jun 2026
- 2026Elastic Weight Consolidation Done Right for Continual Learning19 Mar 2026
- 2026Memory-efficient Continual Learning with Prototypical Exemplar Condensation14 Mar 2026
- 2025Adversarial Pseudo-replay for Exemplar-free Class-incremental Learning22 Nov 2025
- 2025InTAct: Interval-based Task Activation Consolidation for Continual Learning21 Nov 2025
- 2025Adaptive Model Ensemble for Continual Learning24 Sep 2025
- 2025Unifying Locality of KANs and Feature Drift Compensation Projection for Data-free Replay based Continual Face Forgery Detection5 Aug 2025
- 2025Rethinking the Stability-Plasticity Trade-off in Continual Learning from an Architectural Perspective4 Jun 2025
- 2025Continual Learning Beyond Experience Rehearsal and Full Model Surrogates28 May 2025
12 newest of 27 All 27 (JSON)