Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning from an Open-Set Perspective
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Abstract (arXiv)
The continual appearance of new objects in the visual world poses considerable challenges for current deep learning methods in real-world deployments. The challenge of new task learning is often exacerbated by the scarcity of data for the new categories due to rarity or cost. Here we explore the important task of Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning (FSCIL) and its extreme data scarcity condition of one-shot. An ideal FSCIL model needs to perform well on all classes, regardless of their presentation order or paucity of data. It also needs to be robust to open-set real-world conditions and be easily adapted to the new tasks that always arise in the field. In this paper, we first reevaluate the current task setting and propose a more comprehensive and practical setting for the FSCIL task. Then, inspired by the similarity of the goals for FSCIL and modern face recognition systems, we propose our method -- Augmented Angular Loss Incremental Classification or ALICE. In ALICE, instead of the commonly used cross-entropy loss, we propose to use the angular penalty loss to obtain well-clustered features. As the obtained features not only need to be compactly clustered but also diverse enough to maintain generalization for future incremental classes, we further discuss how class augmentation, data augmentation, and data balancing affect classification performance. Experiments on benchmark datasets, including CIFAR100, miniImageNet, and CUB200, demonstrate the improved performance of ALICE over the state-of-the-art FSCIL methods.
Key facts. Cited by 83 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jul 2022.
Builds on
19 of 27 references.
References · 19
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- 2013An Empirical Investigation of Catastrophic Forgetting in Gradient-Based Neural Networkscited by 711
- 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 596
7 more
- 2020Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 249
- 2020Semantic Drift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 241
- 2021Few-Shot Incremental Learning with Continually Evolved Classifierscited by 184
- 2021Supervised Contrastive Replay: Revisiting the Nearest Class Mean Classifier in Online Class-Incremental Continual Learningcited by 140
- 2021Semantic-aware Knowledge Distillation for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 114
- 2021Self-Promoted Prototype Refinement for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 95
- 2020MgSvF: Multi-Grained Slow vs. Fast Framework for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 61
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 20; 2024: 27; 2025: 28; 2026: 7.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
- 2023Neural Collapse Inspired Feature-Classifier Alignment for Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 112
- 2023FeCAM: Exploiting the Heterogeneity of Class Distributions in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 86
- 2023A Survey on Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 48
- 2023First Session Adaptation: A Strong Replay-Free Baseline for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 46
- 2022On the Soft-Subnetwork for Few-shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 37
- 2024Pre-trained Vision and Language Transformers Are Few-Shot Incremental Learnerscited by 35
- 2023Few-shot Class-incremental Learning for Classification and Object Detection: A Surveycited by 25
- 2024Compositional Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 18
- 2024Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning with Attention-Aware Self-Adaptive Promptcited by 15
- 2023Neural Collapse Terminus: A Unified Solution for Class Incremental Learning and Its Variantscited by 14
- 2023Non-Exemplar Online Class-incremental Continual Learning via Dual-prototype Self-augment and Refinementcited by 13
38 more
- 2024Rethinking Few-shot Class-incremental Learning: Learning from Yourselfcited by 13
- 2024Dynamic Integration of Task-Specific Adapters for Class Incremental Learningcited by 11
- 2024CLOSER: Towards Better Representation Learning for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 11
- 2024Continual Adapter Tuning with Semantic Shift Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 10
- 2024Calibrating Higher-Order Statistics for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Pre-trained Vision Transformerscited by 9
- 2025Revisiting Pool-based Prompt Learning for Few-shot Class-incremental Learningcited by 8
- 2024NTK-Guided Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 7
- 2024Mamba-FSCIL: Dynamic Adaptation with Selective State Space Model for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
- 2023Semantic-visual Guided Transformer for Few-shot Class-incremental Learningcited by 6
- 2025Navigating Semantic Drift in Task-Agnostic Class-Incremental Learningcited by 6
- 2023Generalized Few-Shot Continual Learning with Contrastive Mixture of Adapterscited by 5
- 2023Continual Learning: Forget-free Winning Subnetworks for Video Representationscited by 5
- 2024Delve into Base-Novel Confusion: Redundancy Exploration for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 5
- 2025Adaptive Decision Boundary for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 5
- 2025EKPC: Elastic Knowledge Preservation and Compensation for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 5
- 2023Forget-free Continual Learning with Soft-Winning SubNetworkscited by 4
- 2023Few-shot Class-incremental Learning for Cross-domain Disease Classificationcited by 4
- 2023Image-Object-Specific Prompt Learning for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 4
- 2024A streamlined Approach to Multimodal Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning for Fine-Grained Datasetscited by 4
- 2025Rethinking Continual Learning with Progressive Neural Collapsecited by 4
- 202412 mJ per Class On-Device Online Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 3
- 2024Foundation Model-Powered 3D Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning via Training-free Adaptorcited by 3
- 2025Latest Advancements Towards Catastrophic Forgetting under Data Scarcity: A Comprehensive Survey on Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 3
- 2025Learn by Reasoning: Analogical Weight Generation for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 3
- 2025ProtoConNet: Prototypical Augmentation and Alignment for Open-Set Few-Shot Image Classificationcited by 3
- 2026Scaling Continual Learning to 300+ Tasks with Bi-Level Routing Mixture-of-Expertscited by 3
- 2023MASIL: Towards Maximum Separable Class Representation for Few Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2024A Bag of Tricks for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2024Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Continual Learning: A Neural Tangent Kernel Perspectivecited by 2
- 2024Covariance-based Space Regularization for Few-shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2024Inductive Graph Few-shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2025Improving Open-world Continual Learning under the Constraints of Scarce Labeled Datacited by 2
- 2025Tripartite Weight-Space Ensemble for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2025Can Synthetic Images Conquer Forgetting? Beyond Unexplored Doubts in Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2025DSS-Prompt: Dynamic-Static Synergistic Prompting for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2023Balanced Supervised Contrastive Learning for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2024PL-FSCIL: Harnessing the Power of Prompts for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2024Bias Mitigating Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
50 most cited of 83 All 83 (JSON)
- 2026EvoSherlock: Towards Agentic Lifelong Evolution for Unseen Long-Tailed Security-Critical Events in Videos16 Sep 2026
- 2026Adapter-Based Few-Shot Continual Learning for Malicious Packet Recognition24 Aug 2026
- 2026When Sensing Varies with Contexts: Context Probing for Tactile Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning26 Mar 2026
- 2026Scaling Continual Learning to 300+ Tasks with Bi-Level Routing Mixture-of-Experts3 Feb 2026
- 2026CD^2: Constrained Dataset Distillation for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026PKI: Prior Knowledge-Infused Neural Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026Few-shot Class-Incremental Learning via Generative Co-Memory Regularization12 Jan 2026
- 2025Breaking Forgetting: Training-Free Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Conditional Diffusion23 Nov 2025
- 2025A Generic Machine Learning Framework for Radio Frequency Fingerprinting10 Oct 2025
- 2025Diffusion-Classifier Synergy: Reward-Aligned Learning via Mutual Boosting Loop for FSCIL4 Oct 2025
- 2025MoTiC: Momentum Tightness and Contrast for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning24 Sep 2025
- 2025DSS-Prompt: Dynamic-Static Synergistic Prompting for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Aug 2025
38 more
- 2025OpenHAIV: A Framework Towards Practical Open-World Learning10 Aug 2025
- 2025Sculpting Margin Penalty: Intra-Task Adapter Merging and Classifier Calibration for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning7 Aug 2025
- 2025Can Synthetic Images Conquer Forgetting? Beyond Unexplored Doubts in Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning18 Jul 2025
- 2025ProtoConNet: Prototypical Augmentation and Alignment for Open-Set Few-Shot Image Classification16 Jul 2025
- 2025Revisiting Pool-based Prompt Learning for Few-shot Class-incremental Learning12 Jul 2025
- 2025The Bayesian Approach to Continual Learning: An Overview11 Jul 2025
- 2025Consistency-Driven Calibration and Matching for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning24 Jun 2025
- 2025EKPC: Elastic Knowledge Preservation and Compensation for Class-Incremental Learning14 Jun 2025
- 2025Tripartite Weight-Space Ensemble for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning4 Jun 2025
- 2025Rethinking Continual Learning with Progressive Neural Collapse30 May 2025
- 2025POET: Prompt Offset Tuning for Continual Human Action Adaptation25 Apr 2025
- 2025Adaptive Decision Boundary for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning15 Apr 2025
- 2025Adaptive Additive Parameter Updates of Vision Transformers for Few-Shot Continual Learning11 Apr 2025
- 2025Beyond Synthetic Replays: Turning Diffusion Features into Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning Knowledge30 Mar 2025
- 2025Learn by Reasoning: Analogical Weight Generation for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning27 Mar 2025
- 2025Knowledge Graph Enhanced Generative Multi-modal Models for Class-Incremental Learning24 Mar 2025
- 2025PTMs-TSCIL Pre-Trained Models Based Class-Incremental Learning10 Mar 2025
- 2025Improving Open-world Continual Learning under the Constraints of Scarce Labeled Data28 Feb 2025
- 2025Brain-inspired analogical mixture prototypes for few-shot class-incremental learning26 Feb 2025
- 2025Latest Advancements Towards Catastrophic Forgetting under Data Scarcity: A Comprehensive Survey on Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning12 Feb 2025
- 2025Navigating Semantic Drift in Task-Agnostic Class-Incremental Learning11 Feb 2025
- 2025Strategic Base Representation Learning via Feature Augmentations for Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning16 Jan 2025
- 2025Continuous Knowledge-Preserving Decomposition with Adaptive Layer Selection for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning9 Jan 2025
- 2024AnchorInv: Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning of Physiological Signals via Representation Space Guided Inversion18 Dec 2024
- 2024CALA: A Class-Aware Logit Adapter for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning17 Dec 2024
- 2024Inductive Graph Few-shot Class Incremental Learning11 Nov 2024
- 2024Covariance-based Space Regularization for Few-shot Class Incremental Learning2 Nov 2024
- 2024Foundation Model-Powered 3D Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning via Training-free Adaptor11 Oct 2024
- 2024CLOSER: Towards Better Representation Learning for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning8 Oct 2024
- 2024Dynamic Integration of Task-Specific Adapters for Class Incremental Learning23 Sep 2024
- 2024Knowledge Adaptation Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning18 Sep 2024
- 2024Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Non-IID Decentralized Data18 Sep 2024
- 2024Few-Shot Continual Learning for Activity Recognition in Classroom Surveillance Images5 Sep 2024
- 2024AggSS: An Aggregated Self-Supervised Approach for Class-Incremental Learning8 Aug 2024
- 2024Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Continual Learning: A Neural Tangent Kernel Perspective24 Jul 2024
- 2024Rethinking Few-shot Class-incremental Learning: Learning from Yourself10 Jul 2024
- 2024Mamba-FSCIL: Dynamic Adaptation with Selective State Space Model for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning8 Jul 2024
- 2024Compositional Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning27 May 2024
50 newest of 83 All 83 (JSON)
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
- 2023Neural Collapse Inspired Feature-Classifier Alignment for Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 112
- 2023FeCAM: Exploiting the Heterogeneity of Class Distributions in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 86
- 2023A Survey on Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 48
- 2023First Session Adaptation: A Strong Replay-Free Baseline for Class-Incremental Learningcited by 46
- 2022On the Soft-Subnetwork for Few-shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 37
- 2024Pre-trained Vision and Language Transformers Are Few-Shot Incremental Learnerscited by 35
- 2023Few-shot Class-incremental Learning for Classification and Object Detection: A Surveycited by 25
- 2024Compositional Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 18
- 2024Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning with Attention-Aware Self-Adaptive Promptcited by 15
- 2023Neural Collapse Terminus: A Unified Solution for Class Incremental Learning and Its Variantscited by 14
- 2023Non-Exemplar Online Class-incremental Continual Learning via Dual-prototype Self-augment and Refinementcited by 13
12 most cited of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2026Adapter-Based Few-Shot Continual Learning for Malicious Packet Recognition24 Aug 2026
- 2026When Sensing Varies with Contexts: Context Probing for Tactile Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning26 Mar 2026
- 2026CD^2: Constrained Dataset Distillation for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026PKI: Prior Knowledge-Infused Neural Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026Few-shot Class-Incremental Learning via Generative Co-Memory Regularization12 Jan 2026
- 2025Breaking Forgetting: Training-Free Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Conditional Diffusion23 Nov 2025
- 2025A Generic Machine Learning Framework for Radio Frequency Fingerprinting10 Oct 2025
- 2025MoTiC: Momentum Tightness and Contrast for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning24 Sep 2025
- 2025DSS-Prompt: Dynamic-Static Synergistic Prompting for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Aug 2025
- 2025OpenHAIV: A Framework Towards Practical Open-World Learning10 Aug 2025
- 2025Sculpting Margin Penalty: Intra-Task Adapter Merging and Classifier Calibration for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning7 Aug 2025
- 2025Can Synthetic Images Conquer Forgetting? Beyond Unexplored Doubts in Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning18 Jul 2025
12 newest of 79 All 79 (JSON)