mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Kimera: an Open-Source Library for Real-Time Metric-Semantic Localization and Mapping

arXiv 1910.02490 ↗First posted 6 Oct 2019cs.RO cs.CVcited by 184

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Abstract (arXiv)

We provide an open-source C++ library for real-time metric-semantic visual-inertial Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM). The library goes beyond existing visual and visual-inertial SLAM libraries (e.g., ORB-SLAM, VINS- Mono, OKVIS, ROVIO) by enabling mesh reconstruction and semantic labeling in 3D. Kimera is designed with modularity in mind and has four key components: a visual-inertial odometry (VIO) module for fast and accurate state estimation, a robust pose graph optimizer for global trajectory estimation, a lightweight 3D mesher module for fast mesh reconstruction, and a dense 3D metric-semantic reconstruction module. The modules can be run in isolation or in combination, hence Kimera can easily fall back to a state-of-the-art VIO or a full SLAM system. Kimera runs in real-time on a CPU and produces a 3D metric-semantic mesh from semantically labeled images, which can be obtained by modern deep learning methods. We hope that the flexibility, computational efficiency, robustness, and accuracy afforded by Kimera will build a solid basis for future metric-semantic SLAM and perception research, and will allow researchers across multiple areas (e.g., VIO, SLAM, 3D reconstruction, segmentation) to benchmark and prototype their own efforts without having to start from scratch.

Key facts. Cited by 184 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Oct 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 29; 2022: 30; 2023: 26; 2024: 31; 2025: 32; 2026: 36.

184 papers.

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  1. 2021DROID-SLAM: Deep Visual SLAM for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 687
  2. 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 575
  3. 2022Panoptic Neural Fields: A Semantic Object-Aware Neural Scene Representationcited by 243
  4. 2021SceneGraphFusion: Incremental 3D Scene Graph Prediction from RGB-D Sequencescited by 163
  5. 2021Kimera: from SLAM to Spatial Perception with 3D Dynamic Scene Graphscited by 144
  6. 2025VGGT-SLAM: Dense RGB SLAM Optimized on the SL(4) Manifoldcited by 136
  7. 2022Navigating to Objects in the Real Worldcited by 106
  8. 2022RelPose: Predicting Probabilistic Relative Rotation for Single Objects in the Wildcited by 102
  9. 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 87
  10. 2022E-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from a Moving Event Cameracited by 70
  11. 2022Theseus: A Library for Differentiable Nonlinear Optimizationcited by 65
  12. 2024FlowMap: High-Quality Camera Poses, Intrinsics, and Depth via Gradient Descentcited by 61
38 more
  1. 2021Semantics for Robotic Mapping, Perception and Interaction: A Surveycited by 56
  2. 2021Kimera-Multi: Robust, Distributed, Dense Metric-Semantic SLAM for Multi-Robot Systemscited by 54
  3. 2021Hierarchical Representations and Explicit Memory: Learning Effective Navigation Policies on 3D Scene Graphs using Graph Neural Networkscited by 52
  4. 2024SemGauss-SLAM: Dense Semantic Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 42
  5. 2023R3D3: Dense 3D Reconstruction of Dynamic Scenes from Multiple Camerascited by 39
  6. 2022Iterative Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 35
  7. 2021NeBula: Quest for Robotic Autonomy in Challenging Environments; TEAM CoSTAR at the DARPA Subterranean Challengecited by 32
  8. 2024Bootstrapping Reinforcement Learning with Imitation for Vision-Based Agile Flightcited by 31
  9. 2023Indoor and Outdoor 3D Scene Graph Generation via Language-Enabled Spatial Ontologiescited by 25
  10. 20223D VSG: Long-term Semantic Scene Change Prediction through 3D Variable Scene Graphscited by 24
  11. 2022DM-VIO: Delayed Marginalization Visual-Inertial Odometrycited by 23
  12. 2022Situational Graphs for Robot Navigation in Structured Indoor Environmentscited by 21
  13. 2023FLSea: Underwater Visual-Inertial and Stereo-Vision Forward-Looking Datasetscited by 21
  14. 2025Describe Anything Anywhere At Any Momentcited by 19
  15. 2021Advances in Inference and Representation for Simultaneous Localization and Mappingcited by 16
  16. 2021CodeMapping: Real-Time Dense Mapping for Sparse SLAM using Compact Scene Representationscited by 16
  17. 2022Probabilistic Volumetric Fusion for Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 16
  18. 2024MCD: Diverse Large-Scale Multi-Campus Dataset for Robot Perceptioncited by 16
  19. 2021From SLAM to Situational Awareness: Challenges and Surveycited by 15
  20. 2023An Object SLAM Framework for Association, Mapping, and High-Level Taskscited by 15
  21. 2023Contrastive Learning for Enhancing Robust Scene Transfer in Vision-based Agile Flightcited by 15
  22. 2023Ultra-Efficient On-Device Object Detection on AI-Integrated Smart Glasses with TinyissimoYOLOcited by 15
  23. 2024Hier-SLAM: Scaling-up Semantics in SLAM with a Hierarchically Categorical Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  24. 2023Panoptic Mapping with Fruit Completion and Pose Estimation for Horticultural Robotscited by 14
  25. 2025Benchmarking Egocentric Visual-Inertial SLAM at City Scalecited by 14
  26. 2021A Real-Time Online Learning Framework for Joint 3D Reconstruction and Semantic Segmentation of Indoor Scenescited by 12
  27. 2024Tag Map: A Text-Based Map for Spatial Reasoning and Navigation with Large Language Modelscited by 12
  28. 2024Open-Vocabulary Online Semantic Mapping for SLAMcited by 12
  29. 2025OpenGS-SLAM: Open-Set Dense Semantic SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splatting for Object-Level Scene Understandingcited by 12
  30. 2022General Place Recognition Survey: Towards the Real-world Autonomy Agecited by 11
  31. 2023ImMesh: An Immediate LiDAR Localization and Meshing Frameworkcited by 11
  32. 2023Flexible and Fully Quantized Ultra-Lightweight TinyissimoYOLO for Ultra-Low-Power Edge Systemscited by 11
  33. 2023MEM: Multi-Modal Elevation Mapping for Robotics and Learningcited by 11
  34. 2023PlaceNav: Topological Navigation through Place Recognitioncited by 11
  35. 2023ConvBKI: Real-Time Probabilistic Semantic Mapping Network with Quantifiable Uncertaintycited by 11
  36. 2024The Bare Necessities: Designing Simple, Effective Open-Vocabulary Scene Graphscited by 11
  37. 2021ELLIPSDF: Joint Object Pose and Shape Optimization with a Bi-level Ellipsoid and Signed Distance Function Descriptioncited by 10
  38. 2022Struct-MDC: Mesh-Refined Unsupervised Depth Completion Leveraging Structural Regularities from Visual SLAMcited by 10

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