Kimera: an Open-Source Library for Real-Time Metric-Semantic Localization and Mapping
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Abstract (arXiv)
We provide an open-source C++ library for real-time metric-semantic visual-inertial Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM). The library goes beyond existing visual and visual-inertial SLAM libraries (e.g., ORB-SLAM, VINS- Mono, OKVIS, ROVIO) by enabling mesh reconstruction and semantic labeling in 3D. Kimera is designed with modularity in mind and has four key components: a visual-inertial odometry (VIO) module for fast and accurate state estimation, a robust pose graph optimizer for global trajectory estimation, a lightweight 3D mesher module for fast mesh reconstruction, and a dense 3D metric-semantic reconstruction module. The modules can be run in isolation or in combination, hence Kimera can easily fall back to a state-of-the-art VIO or a full SLAM system. Kimera runs in real-time on a CPU and produces a 3D metric-semantic mesh from semantically labeled images, which can be obtained by modern deep learning methods. We hope that the flexibility, computational efficiency, robustness, and accuracy afforded by Kimera will build a solid basis for future metric-semantic SLAM and perception research, and will allow researchers across multiple areas (e.g., VIO, SLAM, 3D reconstruction, segmentation) to benchmark and prototype their own efforts without having to start from scratch.
Key facts. Cited by 184 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Oct 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 29; 2022: 30; 2023: 26; 2024: 31; 2025: 32; 2026: 36.
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- 2021DROID-SLAM: Deep Visual SLAM for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 687
- 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 575
- 2022Panoptic Neural Fields: A Semantic Object-Aware Neural Scene Representationcited by 243
- 2021SceneGraphFusion: Incremental 3D Scene Graph Prediction from RGB-D Sequencescited by 163
- 2021Kimera: from SLAM to Spatial Perception with 3D Dynamic Scene Graphscited by 144
- 2025VGGT-SLAM: Dense RGB SLAM Optimized on the SL(4) Manifoldcited by 136
- 2022Navigating to Objects in the Real Worldcited by 106
- 2022RelPose: Predicting Probabilistic Relative Rotation for Single Objects in the Wildcited by 102
- 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 87
- 2022E-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from a Moving Event Cameracited by 70
- 2022Theseus: A Library for Differentiable Nonlinear Optimizationcited by 65
- 2024FlowMap: High-Quality Camera Poses, Intrinsics, and Depth via Gradient Descentcited by 61
38 more
- 2021Semantics for Robotic Mapping, Perception and Interaction: A Surveycited by 56
- 2021Kimera-Multi: Robust, Distributed, Dense Metric-Semantic SLAM for Multi-Robot Systemscited by 54
- 2021Hierarchical Representations and Explicit Memory: Learning Effective Navigation Policies on 3D Scene Graphs using Graph Neural Networkscited by 52
- 2024SemGauss-SLAM: Dense Semantic Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 42
- 2023R3D3: Dense 3D Reconstruction of Dynamic Scenes from Multiple Camerascited by 39
- 2022Iterative Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 35
- 2021NeBula: Quest for Robotic Autonomy in Challenging Environments; TEAM CoSTAR at the DARPA Subterranean Challengecited by 32
- 2024Bootstrapping Reinforcement Learning with Imitation for Vision-Based Agile Flightcited by 31
- 2023Indoor and Outdoor 3D Scene Graph Generation via Language-Enabled Spatial Ontologiescited by 25
- 20223D VSG: Long-term Semantic Scene Change Prediction through 3D Variable Scene Graphscited by 24
- 2022DM-VIO: Delayed Marginalization Visual-Inertial Odometrycited by 23
- 2022Situational Graphs for Robot Navigation in Structured Indoor Environmentscited by 21
- 2023FLSea: Underwater Visual-Inertial and Stereo-Vision Forward-Looking Datasetscited by 21
- 2025Describe Anything Anywhere At Any Momentcited by 19
- 2021Advances in Inference and Representation for Simultaneous Localization and Mappingcited by 16
- 2021CodeMapping: Real-Time Dense Mapping for Sparse SLAM using Compact Scene Representationscited by 16
- 2022Probabilistic Volumetric Fusion for Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 16
- 2024MCD: Diverse Large-Scale Multi-Campus Dataset for Robot Perceptioncited by 16
- 2021From SLAM to Situational Awareness: Challenges and Surveycited by 15
- 2023An Object SLAM Framework for Association, Mapping, and High-Level Taskscited by 15
- 2023Contrastive Learning for Enhancing Robust Scene Transfer in Vision-based Agile Flightcited by 15
- 2023Ultra-Efficient On-Device Object Detection on AI-Integrated Smart Glasses with TinyissimoYOLOcited by 15
- 2024Hier-SLAM: Scaling-up Semantics in SLAM with a Hierarchically Categorical Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2023Panoptic Mapping with Fruit Completion and Pose Estimation for Horticultural Robotscited by 14
- 2025Benchmarking Egocentric Visual-Inertial SLAM at City Scalecited by 14
- 2021A Real-Time Online Learning Framework for Joint 3D Reconstruction and Semantic Segmentation of Indoor Scenescited by 12
- 2024Tag Map: A Text-Based Map for Spatial Reasoning and Navigation with Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2024Open-Vocabulary Online Semantic Mapping for SLAMcited by 12
- 2025OpenGS-SLAM: Open-Set Dense Semantic SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splatting for Object-Level Scene Understandingcited by 12
- 2022General Place Recognition Survey: Towards the Real-world Autonomy Agecited by 11
- 2023ImMesh: An Immediate LiDAR Localization and Meshing Frameworkcited by 11
- 2023Flexible and Fully Quantized Ultra-Lightweight TinyissimoYOLO for Ultra-Low-Power Edge Systemscited by 11
- 2023MEM: Multi-Modal Elevation Mapping for Robotics and Learningcited by 11
- 2023PlaceNav: Topological Navigation through Place Recognitioncited by 11
- 2023ConvBKI: Real-Time Probabilistic Semantic Mapping Network with Quantifiable Uncertaintycited by 11
- 2024The Bare Necessities: Designing Simple, Effective Open-Vocabulary Scene Graphscited by 11
- 2021ELLIPSDF: Joint Object Pose and Shape Optimization with a Bi-level Ellipsoid and Signed Distance Function Descriptioncited by 10
- 2022Struct-MDC: Mesh-Refined Unsupervised Depth Completion Leveraging Structural Regularities from Visual SLAMcited by 10
50 most cited of 184 All 184 (JSON)
- 2026RootSLAM: Square Root Bundle Adjustment for Visual-Inertial SLAM10 Oct 2026
- 2026DTFormer: Text-Guided Semantic Alignment for RGB-D Segmentation4 Oct 2026
- 2026DAVIO: Dense Monocular-Inertial SLAM with Feed-Forward Initialization and Pose-Conditioned Mapping23 Sep 2026
- 2026Uncertainty-Aware RL-Controlled Adaptive 3D Mapping17 Sep 2026
- 2026VoxelFix: Post-Hoc Semantic Correction of Completed 3D Voxel Maps4 Sep 2026
- 2026VOIM: Training-Free Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Mapping for RGB-D and Monocular SLAM1 Sep 2026
- 2026RoSe-SLAM: Robust Semantic-Aware Gaussian Splatting SLAM from Dynamic Monocular Videos29 Aug 2026
- 2026Understanding Temporal Semantic Stability in Open-Vocabulary UAV Perception through Metric 3D Fusion23 Aug 2026
- 2026UniSim-SLAM: Feed-Forward SLAM with Unified Sim(3) Optimization3 Aug 2026
- 2026A Review Of Robotic World Models For Dynamic Environments Based On Factor And Scene Graphs27 Jul 2026
- 2026SLAM in Low-Light Environments: Project Report20 Jul 2026
- 2026What VGGT Knows About Overlap: Probing Geometric Foundation Models for Co-Visibility10 Jul 2026
38 more
- 2026DL-VINS-Factory: A Modular Framework for Learned Visual Front-Ends in Visual-Inertial SLAM2 Jul 2026
- 2026Think While You Map: Asynchronous Vision-Language Agents for Incremental 3D Scene Graphs30 Jun 2026
- 2026T-FunS3D: Task-Driven Hierarchical Open-Vocabulary 3D Functionality Segmentation4 Jun 2026
- 2026SkyShield: Occupancy as a Safety Interface for Low-Altitude UAV Autonomy30 May 2026
- 2026Belief Consistency Between Foundation-Model Evidence and Geometric Perception in Persistent Robotic Maps29 May 2026
- 2026Geometry-Aware Representation Denoising for Robust Multi-view 3D Reconstruction25 May 2026
- 2026RelWitness: Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Graph Generation with Visual-Geometric Relation Witnesses20 May 2026
- 2026Mono-Hydra++: Real-Time Monocular Scene Graph Construction with Multi-Task Learning for 3D Indoor Mapping17 May 2026
- 2026ConsistNav: Closing the Action Consistency Gap in Zero-Shot Object Navigation with Semantic Executive Control11 May 2026
- 2026RADIO-ViPE: Online Tightly Coupled Multi-Modal Fusion for Open-Vocabulary Semantic SLAM in Dynamic Environments28 Apr 2026
- 2026HSG: Hyperbolic Scene Graph19 Apr 2026
- 2026PLAF: Pixel-wise Language-Aligned Feature Extraction for Efficient 3D Scene Understanding17 Apr 2026
- 2026A Survey of Spatial Memory Representations for Efficient Robot Navigation13 Apr 2026
- 2026Incremental Semantics-Aided Meshing from LiDAR-Inertial Odometry and RGB Direct Label Transfer10 Apr 2026
- 2026M2H-MX: Multi-Task Semantic and Geometric Perception for Real-Time Monocular 3D Scene Graph Construction31 Mar 2026
- 2026Memory Over Maps: 3D Object Localization Without Reconstruction20 Mar 2026
- 2026Meanings and Measurements: Multi-Agent Probabilistic Grounding for Vision-Language Navigation19 Mar 2026
- 2026OTPL-VIO: Robust Visual-Inertial Odometry with Optimal Transport Line Association and Adaptive Uncertainty10 Mar 2026
- 2026From Reactive to Map-Based AI: Tuned Local LLMs for Semantic Zone Inference in Object-Goal Navigation9 Mar 2026
- 2026Understanding Sensor Vulnerabilities in Industrial XR Tracking16 Feb 2026
- 2026S-MUSt3R: Sliding Multi-view 3D Reconstruction4 Feb 2026
- 2026SceneLinker: Compositional 3D Scene Generation via Semantic Scene Graph from RGB Sequences3 Feb 2026
- 2026From Perception to Action: Spatial AI Agents and World Models2 Feb 2026
- 2026LangGS-SLAM: Real-Time Language-Feature Gaussian Splatting SLAM28 Jan 2026
- 2025Adaptive Covariance and Quaternion-Focused Hybrid Error-State EKF/UKF for Visual-Inertial Odometry19 Dec 2025
- 2025Navigation Around Unknown Space Objects Using Visible-Thermal Image Fusion13 Dec 2025
- 2025KM-ViPE: Online Tightly Coupled Vision-Language-Geometry Fusion for Open-Vocabulary Semantic SLAM1 Dec 2025
- 2025Describe Anything Anywhere At Any Moment29 Nov 2025
- 2025Taming the Light: Illumination-Invariant Semantic 3DGS-SLAM28 Nov 2025
- 2025LEGO-SLAM: Language-Embedded Gaussian Optimization SLAM20 Nov 2025
- 2025Introspection in Learned Semantic Scene Graph Localisation8 Oct 2025
- 2025Benchmarking Egocentric Visual-Inertial SLAM at City Scale30 Sep 2025
- 2025VIMD: Monocular Visual-Inertial Motion and Depth Estimation24 Sep 2025
- 2025ROVER: Robust Loop Closure Verification with Trajectory Prior in Repetitive Environments19 Aug 2025
- 2025PreSem-Surf: RGB-D Surface Reconstruction with Progressive Semantic Modeling and SG-MLP Pre-Rendering Mechanism17 Aug 2025
- 2025RiemanLine: Riemannian Manifold Representation of 3D Lines for Factor Graph Optimization6 Aug 2025
- 2025RemixFusion: Residual-based Mixed Representation for Large-scale Online RGB-D Reconstruction23 Jul 2025
- 2025VOCAL: Visual Odometry via ContrAstive Learning30 Jun 2025
50 newest of 184 All 184 (JSON)
- 2024FM-Fusion: Instance-aware Semantic Mapping Boosted by Vision-Language Foundation Modelscited by 3
- 2024Semantic Enhancement for Object SLAM with Heterogeneous Multimodal Large Language Model Agentscited by 3
- 2025QueryAdapter: Rapid Adaptation of Vision-Language Models in Response to Natural Language Queriescited by 1
- 2026Memory Over Maps: 3D Object Localization Without Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2026Memory Over Maps: 3D Object Localization Without Reconstruction20 Mar 2026
- 2025QueryAdapter: Rapid Adaptation of Vision-Language Models in Response to Natural Language Queries26 Feb 2025
- 2024Semantic Enhancement for Object SLAM with Heterogeneous Multimodal Large Language Model Agents11 Nov 2024
- 2024FM-Fusion: Instance-aware Semantic Mapping Boosted by Vision-Language Foundation Models7 Feb 2024
- 2021DROID-SLAM: Deep Visual SLAM for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 687
- 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 575
- 2022Panoptic Neural Fields: A Semantic Object-Aware Neural Scene Representationcited by 243
- 2021SceneGraphFusion: Incremental 3D Scene Graph Prediction from RGB-D Sequencescited by 163
- 2021Kimera: from SLAM to Spatial Perception with 3D Dynamic Scene Graphscited by 144
- 2025VGGT-SLAM: Dense RGB SLAM Optimized on the SL(4) Manifoldcited by 136
- 2022Navigating to Objects in the Real Worldcited by 106
- 2022RelPose: Predicting Probabilistic Relative Rotation for Single Objects in the Wildcited by 102
- 2024SGS-SLAM: Semantic Gaussian Splatting For Neural Dense SLAMcited by 87
- 2022E-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from a Moving Event Cameracited by 70
- 2022Theseus: A Library for Differentiable Nonlinear Optimizationcited by 65
- 2024FlowMap: High-Quality Camera Poses, Intrinsics, and Depth via Gradient Descentcited by 61
12 most cited of 173 All 173 (JSON)
- 2026RootSLAM: Square Root Bundle Adjustment for Visual-Inertial SLAM10 Oct 2026
- 2026DTFormer: Text-Guided Semantic Alignment for RGB-D Segmentation4 Oct 2026
- 2026DAVIO: Dense Monocular-Inertial SLAM with Feed-Forward Initialization and Pose-Conditioned Mapping23 Sep 2026
- 2026Uncertainty-Aware RL-Controlled Adaptive 3D Mapping17 Sep 2026
- 2026VoxelFix: Post-Hoc Semantic Correction of Completed 3D Voxel Maps4 Sep 2026
- 2026VOIM: Training-Free Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Mapping for RGB-D and Monocular SLAM1 Sep 2026
- 2026RoSe-SLAM: Robust Semantic-Aware Gaussian Splatting SLAM from Dynamic Monocular Videos29 Aug 2026
- 2026Understanding Temporal Semantic Stability in Open-Vocabulary UAV Perception through Metric 3D Fusion23 Aug 2026
- 2026UniSim-SLAM: Feed-Forward SLAM with Unified Sim(3) Optimization3 Aug 2026
- 2026A Review Of Robotic World Models For Dynamic Environments Based On Factor And Scene Graphs27 Jul 2026
- 2026SLAM in Low-Light Environments: Project Report20 Jul 2026
- 2026What VGGT Knows About Overlap: Probing Geometric Foundation Models for Co-Visibility10 Jul 2026
12 newest of 173 All 173 (JSON)