mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

MCD: Diverse Large-Scale Multi-Campus Dataset for Robot Perception

arXiv 2403.11496 ↗First posted 18 Mar 2024cs.RO cs.AIcited by 15

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Abstract (arXiv)

Perception plays a crucial role in various robot applications. However, existing well-annotated datasets are biased towards autonomous driving scenarios, while unlabelled SLAM datasets are quickly over-fitted, and often lack environment and domain variations. To expand the frontier of these fields, we introduce a comprehensive dataset named MCD (Multi-Campus Dataset), featuring a wide range of sensing modalities, high-accuracy ground truth, and diverse challenging environments across three Eurasian university campuses. MCD comprises both CCS (Classical Cylindrical Spinning) and NRE (Non-Repetitive Epicyclic) lidars, high-quality IMUs (Inertial Measurement Units), cameras, and UWB (Ultra-WideBand) sensors. Furthermore, in a pioneering effort, we introduce semantic annotations of 29 classes over 59k sparse NRE lidar scans across three domains, thus providing a novel challenge to existing semantic segmentation research upon this largely unexplored lidar modality. Finally, we propose, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, continuous-time ground truth based on optimization-based registration of lidar-inertial data on large survey-grade prior maps, which are also publicly released, each several times the size of existing ones. We conduct a rigorous evaluation of numerous state-of-the-art algorithms on MCD, report their performance, and highlight the challenges awaiting solutions from the research community.

Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Mar 2024.

Builds on

33 of 49 references.

References · 33

  1. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
  2. 2016The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understandingcited by 4,427
  3. 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
  4. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
  5. 20194D Spatio-Temporal ConvNets: Minkowski Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 1,201
  6. 2020HOTA: A Higher Order Metric for Evaluating Multi-Object Trackingcited by 546
  7. 2020TartanAir: A Dataset to Push the Limits of Visual SLAMcited by 494
  8. 2020Searching Efficient 3D Architectures with Sparse Point-Voxel Convolutioncited by 422
  9. 2017VINS-Mono: A Robust and Versatile Monocular Visual-Inertial State Estimatorcited by 418
  10. 2020Cylindrical and Asymmetrical 3D Convolution Networks for LiDAR Segmentationcited by 388
  11. 2017Sparsity Invariant CNNscited by 325
  12. 2020SalsaNext: Fast, Uncertainty-aware Semantic Segmentation of LiDAR Point Clouds for Autonomous Drivingcited by 226
21 more
  1. 2020LIO-SAM: Tightly-coupled Lidar Inertial Odometry via Smoothing and Mappingcited by 185
  2. 2019Kimera: an Open-Source Library for Real-Time Metric-Semantic Localization and Mappingcited by 181
  3. 2021FAST-LIO2: Fast Direct LiDAR-inertial Odometrycited by 170
  4. 2023Spherical Transformer for LiDAR-based 3D Recognitioncited by 124
  5. 2017Augmented Reality Meets Computer Vision : Efficient Data Generation for Urban Driving Scenescited by 122
  6. 2019The H3D Dataset for Full-Surround 3D Multi-Object Detection and Tracking in Crowded Urban Scenescited by 80
  7. 2019A*3D Dataset: Towards Autonomous Driving in Challenging Environmentscited by 64
  8. 2020The Newer College Dataset: Handheld LiDAR, Inertial and Vision with Ground Truthcited by 61
  9. 2023Using a Waffle Iron for Automotive Point Cloud Semantic Segmentationcited by 53
  10. 2021Sparse-to-dense Feature Matching: Intra and Inter domain Cross-modal Learning in Domain Adaptation for 3D Semantic Segmentationcited by 46
  11. 2019Efficient Derivative Computation for Cumulative B-Splines on Lie Groupscited by 28
  12. 2022NTU VIRAL: A Visual-Inertial-Ranging-Lidar Dataset, From an Aerial Vehicle Viewpointcited by 28
  13. 2016TorontoCity: Seeing the World with a Million Eyescited by 24
  14. 2022Hilti-Oxford Dataset: A Millimetre-Accurate Benchmark for Simultaneous Localization and Mappingcited by 22
  15. 2022Direct LiDAR-Inertial Odometry: Lightweight LIO with Continuous-Time Motion Correctioncited by 20
  16. 2023Multi-Modal Continual Test-Time Adaptation for 3D Semantic Segmentationcited by 20
  17. 2019UrbanLoco: A Full Sensor Suite Dataset for Mapping and Localization in Urban Scenescited by 17
  18. 2022SLICT: Multi-input Multi-scale Surfel-Based Lidar-Inertial Continuous-Time Odometry and Mappingcited by 11
  19. 2022A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lidar SLAM with Ground Truth in GNSS-Denied Environmentscited by 4
  20. 2023AdaLIO: Robust Adaptive LiDAR-Inertial Odometry in Degenerate Indoor Environmentscited by 4
  21. 2017Ultra-Wideband Aided Fast Localization and Mapping Systemcited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.

15 papers.

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  1. 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Modelscited by 29
  2. 2024The Oxford Spires Dataset: Benchmarking Large-Scale LiDAR-Visual Localisation, Reconstruction and Radiance Field Methodscited by 27
  3. 2024UADA3D: Unsupervised Adversarial Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection with Sparse LiDAR and Large Domain Gapscited by 12
  4. 2025MCN-SLAM: Multi-Agent Collaborative Neural SLAM with Hybrid Implicit Neural Scene Representationcited by 11
  5. 2025Seeing in the Dark: Benchmarking Egocentric 3D Vision with the Oxford Day-and-Night Datasetcited by 8
  6. 2025Register Any Point: Scaling 3D Point Cloud Registration by Flow Matchingcited by 8
  7. 2024Salient Sparse Visual Odometry With Pose-Only Supervisioncited by 2
  8. 2024ULOC: Learning to Localize in Complex Large-Scale Environments with Ultra-Wideband Rangescited by 2
  9. 2025Shaken, Not Stirred: A Novel Dataset for Visual Understanding of Glasses in Human-Robot Bartending Taskscited by 1
  10. 2025SemanticBridge - A Dataset for 3D Semantic Segmentation of Bridges and Domain Gap Analysiscited by 1
  11. 2026BEV-SLD: Self-Supervised Scene Landmark Detection for Global Localization with LiDAR Bird's-Eye View Imagescited by 1
  12. 2025Quantifying Epistemic Uncertainty in Absolute Pose Regressioncited by 0
3 more
  1. 2025Gaussian Semantic Field for One-shot LiDAR Global Localizationcited by 0
  2. 2026Semantic-ITC: A Frame-wise Indoor Mobile Laser Scanning Dataset and Benchmark for Semantic Segmentationcited by 0
  3. 2026Pro-Bench: Prompt-Robust Open-Vocabulary Visual Grounding Across Real-World Heterogeneous Environmentscited by 0