MEM: Multi-Modal Elevation Mapping for Robotics and Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Elevation maps are commonly used to represent the environment of mobile robots and are instrumental for locomotion and navigation tasks. However, pure geometric information is insufficient for many field applications that require appearance or semantic information, which limits their applicability to other platforms or domains. In this work, we extend a 2.5D robot-centric elevation mapping framework by fusing multi-modal information from multiple sources into a popular map representation. The framework allows inputting data contained in point clouds or images in a unified manner. To manage the different nature of the data, we also present a set of fusion algorithms that can be selected based on the information type and user requirements. Our system is designed to run on the GPU, making it real-time capable for various robotic and learning tasks. We demonstrate the capabilities of our framework by deploying it on multiple robots with varying sensor configurations and showcasing a range of applications that utilize multi-modal layers, including line detection, human detection, and colorization.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Sep 2023.
Builds on
12 of 24 references.
References · 12
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,968
- 2019Searching for MobileNetV3cited by 1,994
- 2019Kimera: an Open-Source Library for Real-Time Metric-Semantic Localization and Mappingcited by 184
- 2016Voxblox: Incremental 3D Euclidean Signed Distance Fields for On-Board MAV Planningcited by 150
- 2019Volumetric Instance-Aware Semantic Mapping and 3D Object Discoverycited by 80
- 2023Fast Traversability Estimation for Wild Visual Navigationcited by 44
- 2022Elevation Mapping for Locomotion and Navigation using GPUcited by 43
- 2019End-to-end Lane Detection through Differentiable Least-Squares Fittingcited by 36
- 2019Bayesian Spatial Kernel Smoothing for Scalable Dense Semantic Mappingcited by 35
- 2022Locomotion Policy Guided Traversability Learning using Volumetric Representations of Complex Environmentscited by 28
- 2022These Maps Are Made For Walking: Real-Time Terrain Property Estimation for Mobile Robotscited by 12
- 2021Multitask Learning for Scalable and Dense Multilayer Bayesian Map Inferencecited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 6; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
11 papers.
- 2024RoadRunner -- Learning Traversability Estimation for Autonomous Off-road Drivingcited by 26
- 2023EVORA: Deep Evidential Traversability Learning for Risk-Aware Off-Road Autonomycited by 21
- 2024Wild Visual Navigation: Fast Traversability Learning via Pre-Trained Models and Online Self-Supervisioncited by 17
- 2024PIETRA: Physics-Informed Evidential Learning for Traversing Out-of-Distribution Terraincited by 8
- 2025VAMOS: A Hierarchical Vision-Language-Action Model for Capability-Modulated and Steerable Navigationcited by 7
- 2025PhysGS: Bayesian-Inferred Gaussian Splatting for Physical Property Estimationcited by 7
- 2024Learning Semantic Traversability with Egocentric Video and Automated Annotation Strategycited by 5
- 2024TOP-Nav: Legged Navigation Integrating Terrain, Obstacle and Proprioception Estimationcited by 2
- 2024Dynamics Modeling using Visual Terrain Features for High-Speed Autonomous Off-Road Drivingcited by 2
- 2025Splatblox: Traversability-Aware Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Robot Navigationcited by 0
- 2026Continual Learning for Traversability Prediction with Uncertainty-Aware Adaptationcited by 0
- 2026Continual Learning for Traversability Prediction with Uncertainty-Aware Adaptation15 Sep 2026
- 2025PhysGS: Bayesian-Inferred Gaussian Splatting for Physical Property Estimation23 Nov 2025
- 2025Splatblox: Traversability-Aware Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Robot Navigation23 Nov 2025
- 2025VAMOS: A Hierarchical Vision-Language-Action Model for Capability-Modulated and Steerable Navigation23 Oct 2025
- 2024Dynamics Modeling using Visual Terrain Features for High-Speed Autonomous Off-Road Driving30 Nov 2024
- 2024PIETRA: Physics-Informed Evidential Learning for Traversing Out-of-Distribution Terrain4 Sep 2024
- 2024Learning Semantic Traversability with Egocentric Video and Automated Annotation Strategy5 Jun 2024
- 2024TOP-Nav: Legged Navigation Integrating Terrain, Obstacle and Proprioception Estimation23 Apr 2024
- 2024Wild Visual Navigation: Fast Traversability Learning via Pre-Trained Models and Online Self-Supervision10 Apr 2024
- 2024RoadRunner -- Learning Traversability Estimation for Autonomous Off-road Driving29 Feb 2024
- 2023EVORA: Deep Evidential Traversability Learning for Risk-Aware Off-Road Autonomy10 Nov 2023