Strategic Classification from Revealed Preferences
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Abstract (arXiv)
We study an online linear classification problem, in which the data is generated by strategic agents who manipulate their features in an effort to change the classification outcome. In rounds, the learner deploys a classifier, and an adversarially chosen agent arrives, possibly manipulating her features to optimally respond to the learner. The learner has no knowledge of the agents' utility functions or "real" features, which may vary widely across agents. Instead, the learner is only able to observe their "revealed preferences" --- i.e. the actual manipulated feature vectors they provide. For a broad family of agent cost functions, we give a computationally efficient learning algorithm that is able to obtain diminishing "Stackelberg regret" --- a form of policy regret that guarantees that the learner is obtaining loss nearly as small as that of the best classifier in hindsight, even allowing for the fact that agents will best-respond differently to the optimal classifier.
Key facts. Cited by 128 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 20; 2022: 23; 2023: 18; 2024: 22; 2025: 21; 2026: 24.
128 papers.
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- 2021Outside the Echo Chamber: Optimizing the Performative Riskcited by 96
- 2021Strategic Classification in the Darkcited by 66
- 2021Strategic Classification Made Practicalcited by 59
- 2021Who Leads and Who Follows in Strategic Classification?cited by 53
- 2021Information Discrepancy in Strategic Learningcited by 48
- 2021Alternative Microfoundations for Strategic Classificationcited by 47
- 2022Multiplayer Performative Prediction: Learning in Decision-Dependent Gamescited by 44
- 2022Performative Powercited by 43
- 2022Regret Minimization with Performative Feedbackcited by 40
- 2022The Sample Complexity of Online Contract Designcited by 35
- 2022Generalized Strategic Classification and the Case of Aligned Incentivescited by 34
- 2021Stateful Strategic Regressioncited by 32
38 more
- 2021Strategic Instrumental Variable Regression: Recovering Causal Relationships From Strategic Responsescited by 32
- 2021How to Learn when Data Gradually Reacts to Your Modelcited by 30
- 2022A Validity Perspective on Evaluating the Justified Use of Data-driven Decision-making Algorithmscited by 30
- 2023Causal Strategic Classification: A Tale of Two Shiftscited by 30
- 2022Learning in Stackelberg Games with Non-myopic Agentscited by 29
- 2022On classification of strategic agents who can both game and improvecited by 27
- 2023Calibrated Stackelberg Games: Learning Optimal Commitments Against Calibrated Agentscited by 25
- 2023Strategic Classification under Unknown Personalized Manipulationcited by 24
- 2021Auctions Between Regret-Minimizing Agentscited by 22
- 2022Learning Losses for Strategic Classificationcited by 22
- 2023Plug-in Performative Optimizationcited by 22
- 2021Strategic Rankingcited by 21
- 2021Zeroth-Order Methods for Convex-Concave Minmax Problems: Applications to Decision-Dependent Risk Minimizationcited by 18
- 2022What-is and How-to for Fairness in Machine Learning: A Survey, Reflection, and Perspectivecited by 18
- 2022Learning When to Advise Human Decision Makerscited by 18
- 2021How and Why to Manipulate Your Own Agent: On the Incentives of Users of Learning Agentscited by 17
- 2023Fundamental Bounds on Online Strategic Classificationcited by 17
- 2024Learnability Gaps of Strategic Classificationcited by 16
- 2022Adversarial Robustness for Tabular Data through Cost and Utility Awarenesscited by 15
- 2023Online Learning in Stackelberg Games with an Omniscient Followercited by 15
- 2021Directive Explanations for Actionable Explainability in Machine Learning Applicationscited by 14
- 2021Bayesian Persuasion for Algorithmic Recoursecited by 14
- 2023Performative Federated Learning: A Solution to Model-Dependent and Heterogeneous Distribution Shiftscited by 14
- 2023One-Shot Strategic Classification Under Unknown Costscited by 13
- 2021Learning to Persuade on the Fly: Robustness Against Ignorancecited by 12
- 2022Stochastic Approximation with Decision-Dependent Distributions: Asymptotic Normality and Optimalitycited by 12
- 2024Non-linear Welfare-Aware Strategic Learningcited by 12
- 2021Approximate Regions of Attraction in Learning with Decision-Dependent Distributionscited by 11
- 2023Performative Prediction with Bandit Feedback: Learning through Reparameterizationcited by 11
- 2023Strategic Apple Tastingcited by 10
- 2023Zero-Regret Performative Prediction Under Inequality Constraintscited by 10
- 2021Model Transferability With Responsive Decision Subjectscited by 9
- 2021Unfairness Despite Awareness: Group-Fair Classification with Strategic Agentscited by 9
- 2022Strategic Decision-Making in the Presence of Information Asymmetry: Provably Efficient RL with Algorithmic Instrumentscited by 9
- 2022Diversified Recommendations for Agents with Adaptive Preferencescited by 9
- 2024Automating Data Annotation under Strategic Human Agents: Risks and Potential Solutionscited by 9
- 2024The Double-Edged Sword of Behavioral Responses in Strategic Classification: Theory and User Studiescited by 9
- 2022Addressing Strategic Manipulation Disparities in Fair Classificationcited by 8
50 most cited of 128 All 128 (JSON)
- 2026Strategic Classification Has a Missing Lever: Audit Risk18 Sep 2026
- 2026Information Design Against Gaming and Learning Adversaries12 Sep 2026
- 2026The Role of Causality in Algorithmic Recourse30 Jul 2026
- 2026Robust Strategic Classification under Decision-Dependent Cost Uncertainty29 Jun 2026
- 2026Ambiguous Strategic Classification8 Jun 2026
- 2026Linear Strategic Classification with Endogenous Improvements31 May 2026
- 2026Partial Fairness Awareness: Belief-Guided Strategic Mechanism for Strategic Agents30 May 2026
- 2026Healthcare Mechanisms from Policy-as-Code Search under Strategic Provider Response29 May 2026
- 2026The Role of Causal Features in Strategic Classification for Robustness and Alignment26 May 2026
- 2026Beyond Rational Illusion: Behaviorally Realistic Strategic Classification19 May 2026
- 2026When Tabular Foundation Models Meet Strategic Tabular Data: A Prior Alignment Approach19 May 2026
- 2026The Evaluation Game: Beyond Static LLM Benchmarking19 May 2026
38 more
- 2026Learning with Conflicts of Interest15 May 2026
- 2026Learning from Acceptance: Cumulative Regret in the Game of Coding10 May 2026
- 2026Differentially Private Auditing Under Strategic Response8 May 2026
- 2026A Benchmark for Strategic Auditee Gaming Under Continuous Compliance Monitoring7 May 2026
- 2026Price of Fairness in Short-Term and Long-Term Algorithmic Selections7 May 2026
- 2026Optimally Auditing Adversarial Agents28 Apr 2026
- 2026Revisiting Fairness Impossibility with Endogenous Behavior7 Apr 2026
- 2026Multi-Level Strategic Classification: Incentivizing Improvement through Promotion and Relegation Dynamics11 Feb 2026
- 2026On Randomized Algorithms in Online Strategic Classification5 Feb 2026
- 2026Position: Machine Learning for Heart Transplant Allocation Policy Optimization Should Account for Incentives4 Feb 2026
- 2026Performative Learning Theory4 Feb 2026
- 2026On the Computational Complexity of Performative Prediction28 Jan 2026
- 2025The Active and Noise-Tolerant Strategic Perceptron1 Dec 2025
- 2025Look-Ahead Reasoning on Learning Platforms18 Nov 2025
- 2025Learning Local Stackelberg Equilibria from Repeated Interactions with a Learning Agent26 Oct 2025
- 2025Instance-Adaptive Hypothesis Tests with Heterogeneous Agents24 Oct 2025
- 2025The Burden of Interactive Alignment with Inconsistent Preferences18 Oct 2025
- 2025When In Doubt, Abstain: The Impact of Abstention on Strategic Classification15 Oct 2025
- 2025Strategic Hypothesis Testing5 Aug 2025
- 2025Responsiveness Verification: Will Predictions Change? How Much? How Often?2 Jul 2025
- 2025The Disparate Effects of Partial Information in Bayesian Strategic Learning31 May 2025
- 2025Estimating Misreporting in the Presence of Genuine Modification: A Causal Perspective29 May 2025
- 2025COBRA: Contextual Bandit Algorithm for Ensuring Truthful Strategic Agents29 May 2025
- 2025Strategic Classification with Non-Linear Classifiers29 May 2025
- 2025Incentive-Aware Machine Learning; Robustness, Fairness, Improvement & Causality8 May 2025
- 2025To Give or Not to Give? The Impacts of Strategically Withheld Recourse8 Apr 2025
- 2025PAC Learning with Improvements5 Mar 2025
- 2025Learning Classifiers That Induce Markets27 Feb 2025
- 2025Game of Coding With an Unknown Adversary10 Feb 2025
- 2025Incentivizing Desirable Effort Profiles in Strategic Classification: The Role of Causality and Uncertainty10 Feb 2025
- 2025Explanation Design in Strategic Learning: Sufficient Explanations that Induce Non-harmful Responses6 Feb 2025
- 2025Nearly-Optimal Bandit Learning in Stackelberg Games with Side Information31 Jan 2025
- 2025How Strategic Agents Respond: Comparing Analytical Models with LLM-Generated Responses in Strategic Classification20 Jan 2025
- 2024Who's Gaming the System? A Causally-Motivated Approach for Detecting Strategic Adaptation2 Dec 2024
- 2024Practical Performative Policy Learning with Strategic Agents2 Dec 2024
- 2024Microfoundation Inference for Strategic Prediction13 Nov 2024
- 2024The Double-Edged Sword of Behavioral Responses in Strategic Classification: Theory and User Studies23 Oct 2024
- 2024Strategic Classification With Externalities10 Oct 2024
50 newest of 128 All 128 (JSON)
- 2026The Evaluation Game: Beyond Static LLM Benchmarkingcited by 0
- 2026The Evaluation Game: Beyond Static LLM Benchmarking19 May 2026
- 2021Outside the Echo Chamber: Optimizing the Performative Riskcited by 96
- 2021Strategic Classification in the Darkcited by 66
- 2021Strategic Classification Made Practicalcited by 59
- 2021Who Leads and Who Follows in Strategic Classification?cited by 53
- 2021Information Discrepancy in Strategic Learningcited by 48
- 2021Alternative Microfoundations for Strategic Classificationcited by 47
- 2022Multiplayer Performative Prediction: Learning in Decision-Dependent Gamescited by 44
- 2022Performative Powercited by 43
- 2022Regret Minimization with Performative Feedbackcited by 40
- 2022The Sample Complexity of Online Contract Designcited by 35
- 2022Generalized Strategic Classification and the Case of Aligned Incentivescited by 34
- 2021Stateful Strategic Regressioncited by 32
12 most cited of 125 All 125 (JSON)
- 2026Strategic Classification Has a Missing Lever: Audit Risk18 Sep 2026
- 2026Information Design Against Gaming and Learning Adversaries12 Sep 2026
- 2026The Role of Causality in Algorithmic Recourse30 Jul 2026
- 2026Robust Strategic Classification under Decision-Dependent Cost Uncertainty29 Jun 2026
- 2026Ambiguous Strategic Classification8 Jun 2026
- 2026Linear Strategic Classification with Endogenous Improvements31 May 2026
- 2026Partial Fairness Awareness: Belief-Guided Strategic Mechanism for Strategic Agents30 May 2026
- 2026Healthcare Mechanisms from Policy-as-Code Search under Strategic Provider Response29 May 2026
- 2026The Role of Causal Features in Strategic Classification for Robustness and Alignment26 May 2026
- 2026Beyond Rational Illusion: Behaviorally Realistic Strategic Classification19 May 2026
- 2026When Tabular Foundation Models Meet Strategic Tabular Data: A Prior Alignment Approach19 May 2026
- 2026Learning with Conflicts of Interest15 May 2026
12 newest of 125 All 125 (JSON)