mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Simulating Classroom Education with LLM-Empowered Agents

arXiv 2406.19226 ↗First posted 27 Jun 2024cs.CL cs.HCcited by 127

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Educational agents and math problem solving

Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) have been applied across various intelligent educational tasks to assist teaching. While preliminary studies have focused on task-specific, independent LLM-empowered agents, the potential of LLMs within a multi-agent collaborative framework for classroom simulation with real user participation remains unexplored. In this work, we propose SimClass, a multi-agent classroom simulation teaching framework. We recognize representative class roles and introduce a novel class control mechanism for automatic classroom teaching, and conduct user experiments in two real-world courses. Using the Flanders Interactive Analysis System and Community of Inquiry theoretical frameworks from educational analysis, we demonstrate that LLMs can simulate a dynamic learning environment for users with active teacher-student and student-student interactions. We also observe group behaviors among agents in SimClass, where agents collaborate to create enlivening interactions in classrooms to improve user learning process. We hope this work pioneers the application of LLM-empowered multi-agent systems in virtual classroom teaching.

Key facts. Cited by 127 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Educational agents and math problem solving, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 19 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Jun 2024.

Builds on

19 of 42 references.

References · 19

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,297
  3. 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,568
  4. 2024Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of contextcited by 3,224
  5. 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,592
  6. 2023AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversationcited by 1,988
  7. 2023CAMEL: Communicative Agents for "Mind" Exploration of Large Language Model Societycited by 1,395
  8. 2024ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Toolscited by 1,121
  9. 2023The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision)cited by 681
  10. 2023ChemCrow: Augmenting large-language models with chemistry toolscited by 631
  11. 2022Using Large Language Models to Simulate Multiple Humans and Replicate Human Subject Studiescited by 515
  12. 2023Exploring Collaboration Mechanisms for LLM Agents: A Social Psychology Viewcited by 222
7 more
  1. 2024Agent Hospital: A Simulacrum of Hospital with Evolvable Medical Agentscited by 218
  2. 2023EconAgent: Large Language Model-Empowered Agents for Simulating Macroeconomic Activitiescited by 154
  3. 2023CLASS: A Design Framework for building Intelligent Tutoring Systems based on Learning Science principlescited by 48
  4. 2019Exploiting Cognitive Structure for Adaptive Learningcited by 37
  5. 2024MathVC: An LLM-Simulated Multi-Character Virtual Classroom for Mathematics Educationcited by 37
  6. 2023COOPER: Coordinating Specialized Agents towards a Complex Dialogue Goalcited by 18
  7. 2023LittleMu: Deploying an Online Virtual Teaching Assistant via Heterogeneous Sources Integration and Chain of Teach Promptscited by 9

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 20; 2025: 63; 2026: 44.

127 papers.

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  1. 2024Cut the Crap: An Economical Communication Pipeline for LLM-based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 141
  2. 2025X-Teaming: Multi-Turn Jailbreaks and Defenses with Adaptive Multi-Agentscited by 125
  3. 2025In Prospect and Retrospect: Reflective Memory Management for Long-term Personalized Dialogue Agentscited by 106
  4. 2025Uncertainty Quantification and Confidence Calibration in Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 95
  5. 2025STAIR: Improving Safety Alignment with Introspective Reasoningcited by 77
  6. 2024Large Language Model Agent in Financial Trading: A Surveycited by 60
  7. 2025RealSafe-R1: Safety-Aligned DeepSeek-R1 without Compromising Reasoning Capabilitycited by 59
  8. 2025TRAJECT-Bench:A Trajectory-Aware Benchmark for Evaluating Agentic Tool Usecited by 51
  9. 2025The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating Itcited by 45
  10. 2024Interactive Agents: Simulating Counselor-Client Psychological Counseling via Role-Playing LLM-to-LLM Interactionscited by 43
  11. 2024MEDCO: Medical Education Copilots Based on A Multi-Agent Frameworkcited by 33
  12. 2024'Simulacrum of Stories': Examining Large Language Models as Qualitative Research Participantscited by 28
38 more
  1. 2024LLMs are Biased Teachers: Evaluating LLM Bias in Personalized Educationcited by 28
  2. 2024Social Science Meets LLMs: How Reliable Are Large Language Models in Social Simulations?cited by 26
  3. 2025How Far are LLMs from Being Our Digital Twins? A Benchmark for Persona-Based Behavior Chain Simulationcited by 22
  4. 2025OptimAI: Optimization from Natural Language Using LLM-Powered AI Agentscited by 22
  5. 2025TripTailor: A Real-World Benchmark for Personalized Travel Planningcited by 22
  6. 2025DeceptionBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for AI Deception Behaviors in Real-world Scenarioscited by 19
  7. 2026A Survey on LLM-based Conversational User Simulationcited by 18
  8. 2024Mutual Theory of Mind in Human-AI Collaboration: An Empirical Study with LLM-driven AI Agents in a Real-time Shared Workspace Taskcited by 17
  9. 2025Can A Society of Generative Agents Simulate Human Behavior and Inform Public Health Policy? A Case Study on Vaccine Hesitancycited by 17
  10. 2024A Systematic Assessment of OpenAI o1-Preview for Higher Order Thinking in Educationcited by 16
  11. 2025EduBench: A Comprehensive Benchmarking Dataset for Evaluating Large Language Models in Diverse Educational Scenarioscited by 16
  12. 2024From MOOC to MAIC: Reshaping Online Teaching and Learning through LLM-driven Agentscited by 15
  13. 2024Using Generative AI and Multi-Agents to Provide Automatic Feedbackcited by 15
  14. 2025Classroom Simulacra: Building Contextual Student Generative Agents in Online Education for Learning Behavioral Simulationcited by 15
  15. 2025Firm or Fickle? Evaluating Large Language Models Consistency in Sequential Interactionscited by 13
  16. 2025Evolution of AI in Education: Agentic Workflowscited by 13
  17. 2025LLM-Based Social Simulations Require a Boundarycited by 12
  18. 2025Enhancing Model Defense Against Jailbreaks with Proactive Safety Reasoningcited by 11
  19. 2025Beyond Static Responses: Multi-Agent LLM Systems as a New Paradigm for Social Science Researchcited by 10
  20. 2025Which Type of Students can LLMs Act? Investigating Authentic Simulation with Graph-based Human-AI Collaborative Systemcited by 9
  21. 2025Stochastic Self-Organization in Multi-Agent Systemscited by 9
  22. 2025Symphony: A Decentralized Multi-Agent Framework for Scalable Collective Intelligencecited by 8
  23. 2025Evolve the Method, Not the Prompts: Evolutionary Synthesis of Jailbreak Attacks on LLMscited by 8
  24. 2024Who Speaks Next? Multi-party AI Discussion Leveraging the Systematics of Turn-taking in Murder Mystery Gamescited by 7
  25. 2025FACET: Teacher-Centred LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems-Towards Personalized Educational Worksheetscited by 7
  26. 2026Towards Valid Student Simulation with Large Language Modelscited by 7
  27. 2024PersLLM: A Personified Training Approach for Large Language Modelscited by 6
  28. 2024RareAgents: Autonomous Multi-disciplinary Team for Rare Disease Diagnosis and Treatmentcited by 6
  29. 2025Position: LLMs Can be Good Tutors in English Educationcited by 6
  30. 2025MASTER: Multi-Agent Security Through Exploration of Roles and Topological Structures -- A Comprehensive Frameworkcited by 6
  31. 2025ClinTutor-R1: Advancing Scalable and Robust One-to-Many Alignment in Clinical Socratic Educationcited by 6
  32. 2024Knowledge Tagging with Large Language Model based Multi-Agent Systemcited by 5
  33. 2025Simulating Students with Large Language Models: A Review of Architecture, Mechanisms, and Role Modelling in Education with Generative AIcited by 5
  34. 2025EduGuardBench: A Holistic Benchmark for Evaluating the Pedagogical Fidelity and Adversarial Safety of LLMs as Simulated Teacherscited by 5
  35. 2024When LLMs Learn to be Students: The SOEI Framework for Modeling and Evaluating Virtual Student Agents in Educational Interactioncited by 4
  36. 2024Generative Design of Functional Metal Complexes Utilizing the Internal Knowledge of Large Language Modelscited by 4
  37. 2025Investigating Pedagogical Teacher and Student LLM Agents: Genetic Adaptation Meets Retrieval Augmented Generation Across Learning Stylecited by 4
  38. 2025Perspectra: Choosing Your Experts Enhances Critical Thinking in Multi-Agent Research Ideationcited by 4

50 most cited of 127 All 127 (JSON)

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  1. 2025LLM Agents for Education: Advances and Applications
  2. 2025Enabling Multi-Agent Systems as Learning Designers: Applying Learning Sciences to AI Instructional Design
  3. 2025EducationQ: Evaluating LLMs' Teaching Capabilities Through Multi-Agent Dialogue Framework
  4. 2025EduPlanner: LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems for Customized and Intelligent Instructional Design
  5. 2025A Theory of Adaptive Scaffolding for LLM-Based Pedagogical Agents
  6. 2025Conversational Education at Scale: A Multi-LLM Agent Workflow for Procedural Learning and Pedagogic Quality Assessment
  7. 2025Agentic Workflow for Education: Concepts and Applications
  8. 2023The Use of Multiple Conversational Agent Interlocutors in Learning