mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Large Language Models as Urban Residents: An LLM Agent Framework for Personal Mobility Generation

arXiv 2402.14744 ↗First posted 22 Feb 2024cs.AI cs.CL cs.CYcited by 99

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Multimodal and embodied agents

Abstract (arXiv)

This paper introduces a novel approach using Large Language Models (LLMs) integrated into an agent framework for flexible and effective personal mobility generation. LLMs overcome the limitations of previous models by effectively processing semantic data and offering versatility in modeling various tasks. Our approach addresses three research questions: aligning LLMs with real-world urban mobility data, developing reliable activity generation strategies, and exploring LLM applications in urban mobility. The key technical contribution is a novel LLM agent framework that accounts for individual activity patterns and motivations, including a self-consistency approach to align LLMs with real-world activity data and a retrieval-augmented strategy for interpretable activity generation. We evaluate our LLM agent framework and compare it with state-of-the-art personal mobility generation approaches, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach and its potential applications in urban mobility. Overall, this study marks the pioneering work of designing an LLM agent framework for activity generation based on real-world human activity data, offering a promising tool for urban mobility analysis.

Key facts. Cited by 99 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal and embodied agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 25 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2024.

Builds on

25 of 54 references.

References · 25

  1. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
  2. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  3. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  4. 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,662
  5. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,601
  6. 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,500
  7. 2023A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agentscited by 2,203
  8. 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Surveycited by 1,422
  9. 2022Out of One, Many: Using Language Models to Simulate Human Samplescited by 737
  10. 2024Understanding the planning of LLM agents: A surveycited by 414
  11. 2023GPT-Driver: Learning to Drive with GPTcited by 344
  12. 2023Large Language Models Empowered Agent-based Modeling and Simulation: A Survey and Perspectivescited by 253
13 more
  1. 2023In-Context Impersonation Reveals Large Language Models' Strengths and Biasescited by 154
  2. 2023Retrieval meets Long Context Large Language Modelscited by 114
  3. 2021STAN: Spatio-Temporal Attention Network for Next Location Recommendationcited by 102
  4. 2020A Survey on Deep Learning for Human Mobilitycited by 87
  5. 2023DiffTraj: Generating GPS Trajectory with Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 64
  6. 2023Epidemic Modeling with Generative Agentscited by 49
  7. 2020TrajGAIL: Generating Urban Vehicle Trajectories using Generative Adversarial Imitation Learningcited by 46
  8. 2023Learning to Simulate Daily Activities via Modeling Dynamic Human Needscited by 20
  9. 2016Data-driven generation of spatio-temporal routines in human mobilitycited by 19
  10. 2023"Guinea Pig Trials" Utilizing GPT: A Novel Smart Agent-Based Modeling Approach for Studying Firm Competition and Collusioncited by 13
  11. 2023Revisiting Mobility Modeling with Graph: A Graph Transformer Model for Next Point-of-Interest Recommendationcited by 11
  12. 2023Smart Agent-Based Modeling: On the Use of Large Language Models in Computer Simulationscited by 11
  13. 2013Understanding metropolitan patterns of daily encounterscited by 6

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 16; 2025: 46; 2026: 37.

99 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2025A Survey of WebAgents: Towards Next-Generation AI Agents for Web Automation with Large Foundation Modelscited by 87
  2. 2024Simulating Human-like Daily Activities with Desire-driven Autonomycited by 30
  3. 2025Foundation Models for Spatio-Temporal Data Science: A Tutorial and Surveycited by 23
  4. 2024Be More Real: Travel Diary Generation Using LLM Agents and Individual Profilescited by 22
  5. 2024Mobility-LLM: Learning Visiting Intentions and Travel Preferences from Human Mobility Data with Large Language Modelscited by 21
  6. 2024Toward LLM-Agent-Based Modeling of Transportation Systems: A Conceptual Frameworkcited by 19
  7. 2024UrbanLLM: Autonomous Urban Activity Planning and Management with Large Language Modelscited by 13
  8. 2024Urban Mobility Assessment Using LLMscited by 13
  9. 2025A Survey of Large Language Model-Powered Spatial Intelligence Across Scales: Advances in Embodied Agents, Smart Cities, and Earth Sciencecited by 11
  10. 2025LLM-Based Social Simulations Require a Boundarycited by 11
  11. 2025Unraveling Spatio-Temporal Foundation Models via the Pipeline Lens: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 10
  12. 2025GATSim: Urban Mobility Simulation with Generative Agentscited by 10
38 more
  1. 2024Taming the Long Tail in Human Mobility Predictioncited by 8
  2. 2024LiPUP-MA: A Residential Experience-centric Multi-Agent Framework for Living-in-the-loop Participatory Urban Planningcited by 8
  3. 2025Generative AI in Transportation Planning: A Surveycited by 8
  4. 2025A Large Language Model for Feasible and Diverse Population Synthesiscited by 8
  5. 2025Enhancing Large Language Models for Mobility Analytics with Semantic Location Tokenizationcited by 8
  6. 2024Geo-Llama: Leveraging LLMs for Human Mobility Trajectory Generation with Spatiotemporal Constraintscited by 7
  7. 2025Aligning LLM with human travel choices: a persona-based embedding learning approachcited by 7
  8. 2026On Protecting Agentic Systems' Intellectual Property via Watermarkingcited by 7
  9. 2026Assessing the Reliability of Persona-Conditioned LLMs as Synthetic Survey Respondentscited by 7
  10. 2024Joint Estimation and Prediction of City-wide Delivery Demand: A Large Language Model Empowered Graph-based Learning Approachcited by 6
  11. 2025LLM-ABM for Transportation: Assessing the Potential of LLM Agents in System Analysiscited by 6
  12. 2024TraveLLM: Could you plan my new public transit route in face of a network disruption?cited by 5
  13. 2024NextLocLLM: Location Semantics Modeling and Coordinate-Based Next Location Prediction with LLMscited by 5
  14. 2025AgentSense: LLMs Empower Generalizable and Explainable Web-Based Participatory Urban Sensingcited by 5
  15. 2024Large Language Model-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Generic Bus Holding Control Strategiescited by 4
  16. 2025Multi-level Value Alignment in Agentic AI Systems: Survey and Perspectivescited by 4
  17. 2025Towards Pervasive Distributed Agentic Generative AI -- A State of The Artcited by 4
  18. 2025Large Language Model Powered Intelligent Urban Agents: Concepts, Capabilities, and Applicationscited by 4
  19. 2026Persona-aware and Explainable Bikeability Assessment: A Vision-Language Model Approachcited by 4
  20. 2026TrajFlow: Nation-wide Pseudo GPS Trajectory Generation with Flow Matching Modelscited by 4
  21. 2024Decoding Urban Industrial Complexity: Enhancing Knowledge-Driven Insights via IndustryScopeGPTcited by 3
  22. 2025Reimagining Urban Science: Scaling Causal Inference with Large Language Modelscited by 3
  23. 2025Massive-STEPS: Massive Semantic Trajectories for Understanding POI Check-ins -- Dataset and Benchmarkscited by 3
  24. 2025Adaptive Location Hierarchy Learning for Long-Tailed Mobility Predictioncited by 3
  25. 2025Uncovering Vulnerabilities of LLM-Assisted Cyber Threat Intelligencecited by 3
  26. 2025Law in Silico: Simulating Legal Society with LLM-Based Agentscited by 3
  27. 2025Aligning LLM agents with human learning and adjustment behavior: a dual agent approachcited by 3
  28. 2026ELLMob: Event-Driven Human Mobility Generation with Self-Aligned LLM Frameworkcited by 3
  29. 2024A Short Survey of Human Mobility Prediction in Epidemic Modeling from Transformers to LLMscited by 2
  30. 2024Exploring the Potential of Conversational AI Support for Agent-Based Social Simulation Model Designcited by 2
  31. 2025Urban Computing in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 2
  32. 2025LLM-ODDR: A Large Language Model Framework for Joint Order Dispatching and Driver Repositioningcited by 2
  33. 2025Mixture-of-Experts for Personalized and Semantic-Aware Next Location Predictioncited by 2
  34. 2025Spacetime-GR: A Spacetime-Aware Generative Model for Large Scale Online POI Recommendationcited by 2
  35. 2026Bus-Conditioned Zero-Shot Trajectory Generation via Task Arithmeticcited by 2
  36. 2026Beyond Self-Interest: Modeling Social-Oriented Motivation for Human-like Multi-Agent Interactionscited by 2
  37. 2026Meet Dynamic Individual Preferences: Resolving Conflicting Human Value with Paired Fine-Tuningcited by 2
  38. 2026When Plausible Is Not Realistic: Evaluating Human Mobility in LLM-Based Urban Simulationcited by 2

50 most cited of 99 All 99 (JSON)

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025TrajLLM: A Modular LLM-Enhanced Agent-Based Framework for Realistic Human Trajectory Simulation
  2. 2023Where Would I Go Next? Large Language Models as Human Mobility Predictors
  3. 2024Human Mobility Modeling with Household Coordination Activities under Limited Information via Retrieval-Augmented LLMs
  4. 2026MobilityBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Route-Planning Agents in Real-World Mobility Scenarios
  5. 2024GenAI-powered Multi-Agent Paradigm for Smart Urban Mobility: Opportunities and Challenges for Integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) with Intelligent Transportation Systems
  6. 2025Modeling realistic human behavior using generative agents in a multimodal transport system: Software architecture and Application to Toulouse
  7. 2025Guided Persona-based AI Surveys: Can we replicate personal mobility preferences at scale using LLMs?
  8. 2024LIMP: Large Language Model Enhanced Intent-aware Mobility Prediction