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arXiv 1907.02364 ↗First posted 4 Jul 2019cs.CVcited by 38

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Abstract (arXiv)

By borrowing the wisdom of human in gaze following, we propose a two-stage solution for gaze point prediction of the target persons in a scene. Specifically, in the first stage, both head image and its position are fed into a gaze direction pathway to predict the gaze direction, and then multi-scale gaze direction fields are generated to characterize the distribution of gaze points without considering the scene contents. In the second stage, the multi-scale gaze direction fields are concatenated with the image contents and fed into a heatmap pathway for heatmap regression. There are two merits for our two-stage solution based gaze following: i) our solution mimics the behavior of human in gaze following, therefore it is more psychological plausible; ii) besides using heatmap to supervise the output of our network, we can also leverage gaze direction to facilitate the training of gaze direction pathway, therefore our network can be more robustly trained. Considering that existing gaze following dataset is annotated by the third-view persons, we build a video gaze following dataset, where the ground truth is annotated by the observers in the videos. Therefore it is more reliable. The evaluation with such a dataset reflects the capacity of different methods in real scenarios better. Extensive experiments on both datasets show that our method significantly outperforms existing methods, which validates the effectiveness of our solution for gaze following. Our dataset and codes are released in https://github.com/svip-lab/GazeFollowing.

Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Jul 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 4; 2023: 6; 2024: 10; 2025: 5; 2026: 11.

38 papers.

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  1. 2022End-to-End Human-Gaze-Target Detection with Transformerscited by 47
  2. 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoderscited by 36
  3. 2023ChildPlay: A New Benchmark for Understanding Children's Gaze Behaviourcited by 35
  4. 2023A Modular Multimodal Architecture for Gaze Target Prediction: Application to Privacy-Sensitive Settingscited by 31
  5. 2023Object-aware Gaze Target Detectioncited by 27
  6. 2021GOO: A Dataset for Gaze Object Prediction in Retail Environmentscited by 26
  7. 2022Multimodal Across Domains Gaze Target Detectioncited by 22
  8. 2022Patch-level Gaze Distribution Prediction for Gaze Followingcited by 22
  9. 2021GaTector: A Unified Framework for Gaze Object Predictioncited by 18
  10. 2024ViTGaze: Gaze Following with Interaction Features in Vision Transformerscited by 15
  11. 2024Exploring the Zero-Shot Capabilities of Vision-Language Models for Improving Gaze Followingcited by 13
  12. 2025Towards Online Multi-Modal Social Interaction Understandingcited by 12
26 more
  1. 2023Interaction-aware Joint Attention Estimation Using People Attributescited by 6
  2. 2023Joint Gaze-Location and Gaze-Object Detectioncited by 6
  3. 2024TransGOP: Transformer-Based Gaze Object Predictioncited by 6
  4. 2024GazeHTA: End-to-end Gaze Target Detection with Head-Target Associationcited by 6
  5. 2024Diffusion-Refined VQA Annotations for Semi-Supervised Gaze Followingcited by 4
  6. 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimationcited by 4
  7. 2022MGTR: End-to-End Mutual Gaze Detection with Transformercited by 3
  8. 2024A Novel Framework for Multi-Person Temporal Gaze Following and Social Gaze Predictioncited by 3
  9. 2025GA3CE: Unconstrained 3D Gaze Estimation with Gaze-Aware 3D Context Encodingcited by 3
  10. 2024GEM: Context-Aware Gaze EstiMation with Visual Search Behavior Matching for Chest Radiographcited by 2
  11. 2023Sharingan: A Transformer-based Architecture for Gaze Followingcited by 1
  12. 2024Driver Attention Tracking and Analysiscited by 1
  13. 2024Upper-Body Pose-based Gaze Estimation for Privacy-Preserving 3D Gaze Target Detectioncited by 1
  14. 2025GazeDETR: Gaze Detection using Disentangled Head and Gaze Representationscited by 1
  15. 2025GaTector+: A Unified Head-free Framework for Gaze Object and Gaze Following Predictioncited by 1
  16. 2026GazeD: Context-Aware Diffusion for Accurate 3D Gaze Estimationcited by 0
  17. 2026GazeMoE: Perception of Gaze Target with Mixture-of-Expertscited by 0
  18. 2026Eyes on VLM: Benchmarking Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction in Vision Language Modelscited by 0
  19. 2026OmniGF: A Dual-Branch Vision-Language Framework for Unified Gaze Followingcited by 0
  20. 2026Multi-scale Object-Aware Gaze Estimation via Geometric Reasoningcited by 0
  21. 2026PAGE: Towards Practical Human-level Gaze Target Estimationcited by 0
  22. 2026TextGaze: Prompting Gaze Target Estimation with Textual Scene Cuescited by 0
  23. 2026Open-Vocabulary Gaze Object Prediction: Benchmark and Methodcited by 0
  24. 2026Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with Conceptscited by 0
  25. 2026From Gaze to Meaning: A Training-Free AI Agent for Unified Grounding and Explanationcited by 0
  26. 2026Self-Supervised Multi-View 3D Gaze Target Estimation via Probabilistic Ray Marchingcited by 0