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The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challenges

arXiv 2212.09660 ↗First posted 19 Dec 2022cs.CLcited by 35

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Abstract (arXiv)

Code-Switching, a common phenomenon in written text and conversation, has been studied over decades by the natural language processing (NLP) research community. Initially, code-switching is intensively explored by leveraging linguistic theories and, currently, more machine-learning oriented approaches to develop models. We introduce a comprehensive systematic survey on code-switching research in natural language processing to understand the progress of the past decades and conceptualize the challenges and tasks on the code-switching topic. Finally, we summarize the trends and findings and conclude with a discussion for future direction and open questions for further investigation.

Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 137 of its 470 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Dec 2022.

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137 of 470 references.

References · 137

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38 more
  1. 2021XTREME-R: Towards More Challenging and Nuanced Multilingual Evaluationcited by 167
  2. 2022mSLAM: Massively multilingual joint pre-training for speech and textcited by 108
  3. 2020GLUECoS : An Evaluation Benchmark for Code-Switched NLPcited by 101
  4. 2020LinCE: A Centralized Benchmark for Linguistic Code-switching Evaluationcited by 92
  5. 2021Language Models are Few-shot Multilingual Learnerscited by 92
  6. 2020On the Language Neutrality of Pre-trained Multilingual Representationscited by 82
  7. 2019A Survey of Code-switched Speech and Language Processingcited by 73
  8. 2021SLAM: A Unified Encoder for Speech and Language Modeling via Speech-Text Joint Pre-Trainingcited by 69
  9. 2020Corpus Creation for Sentiment Analysis in Code-Mixed Tamil-English Textcited by 67
  10. 2022One Country, 700+ Languages: NLP Challenges for Underrepresented Languages and Dialects in Indonesiacited by 65
  11. 2020SemEval-2020 Task 9: Overview of Sentiment Analysis of Code-Mixed Tweetscited by 62
  12. 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?cited by 56
  13. 2019Code-Switched Language Models Using Neural Based Synthetic Data from Parallel Sentencescited by 55
  14. 2020A Sentiment Analysis Dataset for Code-Mixed Malayalam-Englishcited by 50
  15. 2021Multilingual and code-switching ASR challenges for low resource Indian languagescited by 50
  16. 2020Code-switching pre-training for neural machine translationcited by 43
  17. 2021ASCEND: A Spontaneous Chinese-English Dataset for Code-switching in Multi-turn Conversationcited by 43
  18. 2018Aggression-annotated Corpus of Hindi-English Code-mixed Datacited by 40
  19. 2021Towards One Model to Rule All: Multilingual Strategy for Dialectal Code-Switching Arabic ASRcited by 40
  20. 2020PHINC: A Parallel Hinglish Social Media Code-Mixed Corpus for Machine Translationcited by 38
  21. 2019Overview for the Second Shared Task on Language Identification in Code-Switched Datacited by 33
  22. 2022L3Cube-HingCorpus and HingBERT: A Code Mixed Hindi-English Dataset and BERT Language Modelscited by 33
  23. 2016Towards Sub-Word Level Compositions for Sentiment Analysis of Hindi-English Code Mixed Textcited by 31
  24. 2018On the End-to-End Solution to Mandarin-English Code-switching Speech Recognitioncited by 30
  25. 2020A New Dataset for Natural Language Inference from Code-mixed Conversationscited by 29
  26. 2021From Machine Translation to Code-Switching: Generating High-Quality Code-Switched Textcited by 29
  27. 2020Multi-Encoder-Decoder Transformer for Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 28
  28. 2020One Model, Many Languages: Meta-learning for Multilingual Text-to-Speechcited by 28
  29. 2021HinGE: A Dataset for Generation and Evaluation of Code-Mixed Hinglish Textcited by 28
  30. 2018Code-switching Sentence Generation by Generative Adversarial Networks and its Application to Data Augmentationcited by 26
  31. 2019Named Entity Recognition on Code-Switched Data: Overview of the CALCS 2018 Shared Taskcited by 24
  32. 2020Meta-Transfer Learning for Code-Switched Speech Recognitioncited by 22
  33. 2021Can You Traducir This? Machine Translation for Code-Switched Inputcited by 21
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  35. 2016Challenges of Computational Processing of Code-Switchingcited by 20
  36. 2022Language-specific Characteristic Assistance for Code-switching Speech Recognitioncited by 20
  37. 2022MultiCoNER: A Large-scale Multilingual dataset for Complex Named Entity Recognitioncited by 19
  38. 2019From English to Code-Switching: Transfer Learning with Strong Morphological Cluescited by 18

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 8; 2024: 8; 2025: 14; 2026: 5.

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  1. 2024Large Language Models Meet NLP: A Surveycited by 102
  2. 2023Cross-lingual Prompting: Improving Zero-shot Chain-of-Thought Reasoning across Languagescited by 96
  3. 2024Understanding and Mitigating Language Confusion in LLMscited by 75
  4. 2023Multilingual Large Language Models Are Not (Yet) Code-Switcherscited by 65
  5. 2023Prompting Multilingual Large Language Models to Generate Code-Mixed Texts: The Case of South East Asian Languagescited by 50
  6. 2023Prompting the Hidden Talent of Web-Scale Speech Models for Zero-Shot Task Generalizationcited by 43
  7. 2025The State of Multilingual LLM Safety Research: From Measuring the Language Gap to Mitigating Itcited by 42
  8. 2024Code-Switching Red-Teaming: LLM Evaluation for Safety and Multilingual Understandingcited by 34
  9. 2024Code-Switching Curriculum Learning for Multilingual Transfer in LLMscited by 26
  10. 2024MetaMetrics: Calibrating Metrics For Generation Tasks Using Human Preferencescited by 15
  11. 2025Unveiling Language-Specific Features in Large Language Models via Sparse Autoencoderscited by 12
  12. 2023CroCoSum: A Benchmark Dataset for Cross-Lingual Code-Switched Summarizationcited by 8
23 more
  1. 2025Mechanistic Understanding and Mitigation of Language Confusion in English-Centric Large Language Modelscited by 8
  2. 2023Code-Switched Text Synthesis in Unseen Language Pairscited by 7
  3. 2024Code-Mixed Probes Show How Pre-Trained Models Generalise On Code-Switched Textcited by 7
  4. 2023Adapting the adapters for code-switching in multilingual ASRcited by 6
  5. 2025Code-Switching in End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 4
  6. 2024Code-Switched Language Identification is Harder Than You Thinkcited by 3
  7. 2025DIVERS-Bench: Evaluating Language Identification Across Domain Shifts and Code-Switchingcited by 3
  8. 2025Gradual Code-Switching as Inference-Time Cross-Lingual Representational Alignment for LLMscited by 3
  9. 2024Revealing the impact of synthetic native samples and multi-tasking strategies in Hindi-English code-mixed humour and sarcasm detectioncited by 2
  10. 2025Conditioning LLMs to Generate Code-Switched Textcited by 2
  11. 2025SASFT: Sparse Autoencoder-guided Supervised Finetuning to Mitigate Unexpected Code-Switching in LLMscited by 2
  12. 2026OLA: Output Language Alignment in Code-Switched LLM Interactionscited by 2
  13. 2023Contextual Code Switching for Machine Translation using Language Modelscited by 1
  14. 2025VietMix: A Naturally-Occurring Parallel Corpus and Augmentation Framework for Vietnamese-English Code-Mixed Machine Translationcited by 1
  15. 2025Language Confusion Gate: Language-Aware Decoding Through Model Self-Distillationcited by 1
  16. 2025Adapting Multilingual Models to Code-Mixed Tasks via Model Mergingcited by 1
  17. 2025Towards Fine-Grained Code-Switch Speech Translation with Semantic Space Alignmentcited by 1
  18. 2025NagaNLP: Bootstrapping NLP for Low-Resource Nagamese Creole with Human-in-the-Loop Synthetic Datacited by 1
  19. 2026Position: the Stochastic Parrot in the Coal Mine. Model Collapse is a Threat to Low-Resource Communitiescited by 1
  20. 2025Global Beats, Local Tongue: Studying Code Switching in K-pop Hits on Billboard Chartscited by 0
  21. 2026ChiEngMixBench: Evaluating Large Language Models on Expert-Style Chinese-English Terminology Mixingcited by 0
  22. 2026Code Mixologist : A Practitioner's Guide to Building Code-Mixed LLMscited by 0
  23. 2026Reinforcement Learning for Data-Efficient Code-Switched ASRcited by 0