LinCE: A Centralized Benchmark for Linguistic Code-switching Evaluation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent trends in NLP research have raised an interest in linguistic code-switching (CS); modern approaches have been proposed to solve a wide range of NLP tasks on multiple language pairs. Unfortunately, these proposed methods are hardly generalizable to different code-switched languages. In addition, it is unclear whether a model architecture is applicable for a different task while still being compatible with the code-switching setting. This is mainly because of the lack of a centralized benchmark and the sparse corpora that researchers employ based on their specific needs and interests. To facilitate research in this direction, we propose a centralized benchmark for Linguistic Code-switching Evaluation (LinCE) that combines ten corpora covering four different code-switched language pairs (i.e., Spanish-English, Nepali-English, Hindi-English, and Modern Standard Arabic-Egyptian Arabic) and four tasks (i.e., language identification, named entity recognition, part-of-speech tagging, and sentiment analysis). As part of the benchmark centralization effort, we provide an online platform at ritual.uh.edu/lince, where researchers can submit their results while comparing with others in real-time. In addition, we provide the scores of different popular models, including LSTM, ELMo, and multilingual BERT so that the NLP community can compare against state-of-the-art systems. LinCE is a continuous effort, and we will expand it with more low-resource languages and tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 92 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 May 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 17; 2022: 13; 2023: 12; 2024: 14; 2025: 22; 2026: 14.
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- 2023MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AIcited by 291
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processingcited by 131
- 2023Multilingual Large Language Models Are Not (Yet) Code-Switcherscited by 65
- 2023A Survey of Code-switching: Linguistic and Social Perspectives for Language Technologiescited by 59
- 2021IndoNLG: Benchmark and Resources for Evaluating Indonesian Natural Language Generationcited by 57
- 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?cited by 56
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- 2022The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challengescited by 35
- 2024Code-Switching Red-Teaming: LLM Evaluation for Safety and Multilingual Understandingcited by 34
- 2021AMMU : A Survey of Transformer-based Biomedical Pretrained Language Modelscited by 32
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- 2024MaskLID: Code-Switching Language Identification through Iterative Maskingcited by 10
- 2021pysentimiento: A Python Toolkit for Opinion Mining and Social NLP taskscited by 9
- 2022CALCS 2021 Shared Task: Machine Translation for Code-Switched Datacited by 9
- 2025Lost in the Mix: Evaluating LLM Understanding of Code-Switched Textcited by 9
- 2021CodemixedNLP: An Extensible and Open NLP Toolkit for Code-Mixingcited by 8
- 2023CroCoSum: A Benchmark Dataset for Cross-Lingual Code-Switched Summarizationcited by 8
- 2024From Human Judgements to Predictive Models: Unravelling Acceptability in Code-Mixed Sentencescited by 8
- 2025CodeMixBench: Evaluating Code-Mixing Capabilities of LLMs Across 18 Languagescited by 8
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- 2023Has It All Been Solved? Open NLP Research Questions Not Solved by Large Language Modelscited by 7
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- 2021Sentiment Analysis of Persian-English Code-mixed Textscited by 6
- 2021The futility of STILTs for the classification of lexical borrowings in Spanishcited by 6
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- 2024Linguistics Theory Meets LLM: Code-Switched Text Generation via Equivalence Constrained Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025COMI-LINGUA: Expert Annotated Large-Scale Dataset for Multitask NLP in Hindi-English Code-Mixingcited by 6
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- 2021Switch Point biased Self-Training: Re-purposing Pretrained Models for Code-Switchingcited by 5
- 2022Borrowing or Codeswitching? Annotating for Finer-Grained Distinctions in Language Mixingcited by 5
- 2023Overview of GUA-SPA at IberLEF 2023: Guarani-Spanish Code Switching Analysiscited by 5
- 2023IndoRobusta: Towards Robustness Against Diverse Code-Mixed Indonesian Local Languagescited by 5
- 2024Synthetic Data Generation and Joint Learning for Robust Code-Mixed Translationcited by 5
- 2024Can Code-Switched Texts Activate a Knowledge Switch in LLMs? A Case Study on English-Korean Code-Switchingcited by 5
- 2025A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 5
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- 2021Challenges and Considerations with Code-Mixed NLP for Multilingual Societiescited by 4
- 2021VAE based Text Style Transfer with Pivot Words Enhancement Learningcited by 4
- 2025Overview of ADoBo at IberLEF 2025: Automatic Detection of Anglicisms in Spanishcited by 4
50 most cited of 92 All 92 (JSON)
- 2026TurEngMix: A Text Corpus and Benchmark for Turkish-English Code-Mixed Language Identification and Named Entity Recognition7 Sep 2026
- 2026Improving Language Identification for Code-Switched Utterances with Integer Linear Programming4 Sep 2026
- 2026AfriSwitch: A Benchmark for In-the-Wild African Code-Switched Speech Recognition26 Aug 2026
- 2026Does the Truthfulness Signal Survive Code-Mixing? Probing Hidden States for Hallucination Detection in Hinglish25 Aug 2026
- 2026Indi-RomCoM: Code-Mixed Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Romanized Indic-English Instructions29 Jun 2026
- 2026When Does Mixing Help? Analyzing Query Embedding Interpolation in Multilingual Dense Retrieval11 Jun 2026
- 2026Disentangling Language Roles in Multilingual LLM Task Execution26 May 2026
- 2026EnTaCs: Analyzing the Relationship Between Sentiment and Language Choice in English-Tamil Code-Switching27 Mar 2026
- 2026Neither Here Nor There: Cross-Lingual Representation Dynamics of Code-Mixed Text in Multilingual Encoders20 Mar 2026
- 2026Multilingual Financial Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning and Transformer Models: A Bangla-English Study11 Mar 2026
- 2026LuxBorrow: From Pompier to Pompjee, Tracing Borrowing in Luxembourgish11 Mar 2026
- 2026PingPong: A Natural Benchmark for Multi-Turn Code-Switching Dialogues24 Jan 2026
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- 2026Code Mixologist : A Practitioner's Guide to Building Code-Mixed LLMs21 Jan 2026
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- 2025Adapting Multilingual Models to Code-Mixed Tasks via Model Merging22 Oct 2025
- 2025Detecting Latin in Historical Books with Large Language Models: A Multimodal Benchmark22 Oct 2025
- 2025MathMist: A Parallel Multilingual Benchmark Dataset for Mathematical Problem Solving and Reasoning16 Oct 2025
- 2025Language steering in latent space to mitigate unintended code-switching11 Oct 2025
- 2025Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey of Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalities8 Oct 2025
- 2025DIVERS-Bench: Evaluating Language Identification Across Domain Shifts and Code-Switching22 Sep 2025
- 2025Breaking Language Barriers: Equitable Performance in Multilingual Language Models18 Aug 2025
- 2025Overview of ADoBo at IberLEF 2025: Automatic Detection of Anglicisms in Spanish29 Jul 2025
- 2025CodeMixBench: Evaluating Code-Mixing Capabilities of LLMs Across 18 Languages24 Jul 2025
- 2025Bridging Compositional and Distributional Semantics: A Survey on Latent Semantic Geometry via AutoEncoder25 Jun 2025
- 2025Lost in the Mix: Evaluating LLM Understanding of Code-Switched Text16 Jun 2025
- 2025Parsing the Switch: LLM-Based UD Annotation for Complex Code-Switched and Low-Resource Languages8 Jun 2025
- 2025VietMix: A Naturally-Occurring Parallel Corpus and Augmentation Framework for Vietnamese-English Code-Mixed Machine Translation30 May 2025
- 2025CS-Sum: A Benchmark for Code-Switching Dialogue Summarization and the Limits of Large Language Models19 May 2025
- 2025Token Masking Improves Transformer-Based Text Classification16 May 2025
- 2025Multilingual Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models: A Survey Across NLP Tasks16 May 2025
- 2025COMI-LINGUA: Expert Annotated Large-Scale Dataset for Multitask NLP in Hindi-English Code-Mixing27 Mar 2025
- 2025Low-resource Machine Translation for Code-switched Kazakh-Russian Language Pair25 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhancing Multilingual Language Models for Code-Switched Input Data11 Mar 2025
- 2025Conditioning LLMs to Generate Code-Switched Text18 Feb 2025
- 2025A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions23 Jan 2025
- 2024Leveraging Large Language Models for Code-Mixed Data Augmentation in Sentiment Analysis1 Nov 2024
- 2024Linguistics Theory Meets LLM: Code-Switched Text Generation via Equivalence Constrained Large Language Models30 Oct 2024
- 2024Can Code-Switched Texts Activate a Knowledge Switch in LLMs? A Case Study on English-Korean Code-Switching24 Oct 2024
- 2024On Creating an English-Thai Code-switched Machine Translation in Medical Domain21 Oct 2024
- 2024Computational Approaches to Arabic-English Code-Switching17 Oct 2024
- 2024Multilingual Controlled Generation And Gold-Standard-Agnostic Evaluation of Code-Mixed Sentences14 Oct 2024
- 2024The Nature of NLP: Analyzing Contributions in NLP Papers29 Sep 2024
- 2024Code-Switching Red-Teaming: LLM Evaluation for Safety and Multilingual Understanding17 Jun 2024
- 2024MINERS: Multilingual Language Models as Semantic Retrievers11 Jun 2024
- 2024MaskLID: Code-Switching Language Identification through Iterative Masking10 Jun 2024
- 2024From Human Judgements to Predictive Models: Unravelling Acceptability in Code-Mixed Sentences9 May 2024
- 2024Synthetic Data Generation and Joint Learning for Robust Code-Mixed Translation25 Mar 2024
- 2024Code-Mixed Probes Show How Pre-Trained Models Generalise On Code-Switched Text7 Mar 2024
- 2024Code-Switched Language Identification is Harder Than You Think2 Feb 2024
50 newest of 92 All 92 (JSON)
- 2023MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AIcited by 291
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processingcited by 131
- 2023Multilingual Large Language Models Are Not (Yet) Code-Switcherscited by 65
- 2023A Survey of Code-switching: Linguistic and Social Perspectives for Language Technologiescited by 59
- 2021IndoNLG: Benchmark and Resources for Evaluating Indonesian Natural Language Generationcited by 57
- 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?cited by 56
- 2022Language Modelling with Pixelscited by 53
- 2023Prompting Multilingual Large Language Models to Generate Code-Mixed Texts: The Case of South East Asian Languagescited by 50
- 2023GlotLID: Language Identification for Low-Resource Languagescited by 37
- 2022The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challengescited by 35
- 2021AMMU : A Survey of Transformer-based Biomedical Pretrained Language Modelscited by 32
- 2021Predicting the Performance of Multilingual NLP Modelscited by 24
12 most cited of 89 All 89 (JSON)
- 2026TurEngMix: A Text Corpus and Benchmark for Turkish-English Code-Mixed Language Identification and Named Entity Recognition7 Sep 2026
- 2026Improving Language Identification for Code-Switched Utterances with Integer Linear Programming4 Sep 2026
- 2026AfriSwitch: A Benchmark for In-the-Wild African Code-Switched Speech Recognition26 Aug 2026
- 2026Does the Truthfulness Signal Survive Code-Mixing? Probing Hidden States for Hallucination Detection in Hinglish25 Aug 2026
- 2026Indi-RomCoM: Code-Mixed Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Romanized Indic-English Instructions29 Jun 2026
- 2026When Does Mixing Help? Analyzing Query Embedding Interpolation in Multilingual Dense Retrieval11 Jun 2026
- 2026Disentangling Language Roles in Multilingual LLM Task Execution26 May 2026
- 2026EnTaCs: Analyzing the Relationship Between Sentiment and Language Choice in English-Tamil Code-Switching27 Mar 2026
- 2026Neither Here Nor There: Cross-Lingual Representation Dynamics of Code-Mixed Text in Multilingual Encoders20 Mar 2026
- 2026Multilingual Financial Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning and Transformer Models: A Bangla-English Study11 Mar 2026
- 2026LuxBorrow: From Pompier to Pompjee, Tracing Borrowing in Luxembourgish11 Mar 2026
- 2026PingPong: A Natural Benchmark for Multi-Turn Code-Switching Dialogues24 Jan 2026
12 newest of 89 All 89 (JSON)