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LinCE: A Centralized Benchmark for Linguistic Code-switching Evaluation

arXiv 2005.04322 ↗First posted 9 May 2020cs.CLcited by 92

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent trends in NLP research have raised an interest in linguistic code-switching (CS); modern approaches have been proposed to solve a wide range of NLP tasks on multiple language pairs. Unfortunately, these proposed methods are hardly generalizable to different code-switched languages. In addition, it is unclear whether a model architecture is applicable for a different task while still being compatible with the code-switching setting. This is mainly because of the lack of a centralized benchmark and the sparse corpora that researchers employ based on their specific needs and interests. To facilitate research in this direction, we propose a centralized benchmark for Linguistic Code-switching Evaluation (LinCE) that combines ten corpora covering four different code-switched language pairs (i.e., Spanish-English, Nepali-English, Hindi-English, and Modern Standard Arabic-Egyptian Arabic) and four tasks (i.e., language identification, named entity recognition, part-of-speech tagging, and sentiment analysis). As part of the benchmark centralization effort, we provide an online platform at ritual.uh.edu/lince, where researchers can submit their results while comparing with others in real-time. In addition, we provide the scores of different popular models, including LSTM, ELMo, and multilingual BERT so that the NLP community can compare against state-of-the-art systems. LinCE is a continuous effort, and we will expand it with more low-resource languages and tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 92 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 May 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 17; 2022: 13; 2023: 12; 2024: 14; 2025: 22; 2026: 14.

92 papers.

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  1. 2023MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AIcited by 291
  2. 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processingcited by 131
  3. 2023Multilingual Large Language Models Are Not (Yet) Code-Switcherscited by 65
  4. 2023A Survey of Code-switching: Linguistic and Social Perspectives for Language Technologiescited by 59
  5. 2021IndoNLG: Benchmark and Resources for Evaluating Indonesian Natural Language Generationcited by 57
  6. 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?cited by 56
  7. 2022Language Modelling with Pixelscited by 53
  8. 2023Prompting Multilingual Large Language Models to Generate Code-Mixed Texts: The Case of South East Asian Languagescited by 50
  9. 2023GlotLID: Language Identification for Low-Resource Languagescited by 37
  10. 2022The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challengescited by 35
  11. 2024Code-Switching Red-Teaming: LLM Evaluation for Safety and Multilingual Understandingcited by 34
  12. 2021AMMU : A Survey of Transformer-based Biomedical Pretrained Language Modelscited by 32
38 more
  1. 2021Predicting the Performance of Multilingual NLP Modelscited by 24
  2. 2021RoBERTuito: a pre-trained language model for social media text in Spanishcited by 22
  3. 2021Can You Traducir This? Machine Translation for Code-Switched Inputcited by 21
  4. 2022BERTifying Sinhala -- A Comprehensive Analysis of Pre-trained Language Models for Sinhala Text Classificationcited by 15
  5. 2022A Vocabulary-Free Multilingual Neural Tokenizer for End-to-End Task Learningcited by 12
  6. 2022HiNER: A Large Hindi Named Entity Recognition Datasetcited by 12
  7. 2024The Nature of NLP: Analyzing Contributions in NLP Paperscited by 12
  8. 2021SJ_AJ@DravidianLangTech-EACL2021: Task-Adaptive Pre-Training of Multilingual BERT models for Offensive Language Identificationcited by 11
  9. 2024MINERS: Multilingual Language Models as Semantic Retrieverscited by 11
  10. 2023Yes but.. Can ChatGPT Identify Entities in Historical Documents?cited by 10
  11. 2024MaskLID: Code-Switching Language Identification through Iterative Maskingcited by 10
  12. 2021pysentimiento: A Python Toolkit for Opinion Mining and Social NLP taskscited by 9
  13. 2022CALCS 2021 Shared Task: Machine Translation for Code-Switched Datacited by 9
  14. 2025Lost in the Mix: Evaluating LLM Understanding of Code-Switched Textcited by 9
  15. 2021CodemixedNLP: An Extensible and Open NLP Toolkit for Code-Mixingcited by 8
  16. 2023CroCoSum: A Benchmark Dataset for Cross-Lingual Code-Switched Summarizationcited by 8
  17. 2024From Human Judgements to Predictive Models: Unravelling Acceptability in Code-Mixed Sentencescited by 8
  18. 2025CodeMixBench: Evaluating Code-Mixing Capabilities of LLMs Across 18 Languagescited by 8
  19. 2021Stratified Sampling for Extreme Multi-Label Datacited by 7
  20. 2023Has It All Been Solved? Open NLP Research Questions Not Solved by Large Language Modelscited by 7
  21. 2024Code-Mixed Probes Show How Pre-Trained Models Generalise On Code-Switched Textcited by 7
  22. 2021Sentiment Analysis of Persian-English Code-mixed Textscited by 6
  23. 2021The futility of STILTs for the classification of lexical borrowings in Spanishcited by 6
  24. 2022Detecting Unassimilated Borrowings in Spanish: An Annotated Corpus and Approaches to Modelingcited by 6
  25. 2024Linguistics Theory Meets LLM: Code-Switched Text Generation via Equivalence Constrained Large Language Modelscited by 6
  26. 2025COMI-LINGUA: Expert Annotated Large-Scale Dataset for Multitask NLP in Hindi-English Code-Mixingcited by 6
  27. 2025MathMist: A Parallel Multilingual Benchmark Dataset for Mathematical Problem Solving and Reasoningcited by 6
  28. 2021Switch Point biased Self-Training: Re-purposing Pretrained Models for Code-Switchingcited by 5
  29. 2022Borrowing or Codeswitching? Annotating for Finer-Grained Distinctions in Language Mixingcited by 5
  30. 2023Overview of GUA-SPA at IberLEF 2023: Guarani-Spanish Code Switching Analysiscited by 5
  31. 2023IndoRobusta: Towards Robustness Against Diverse Code-Mixed Indonesian Local Languagescited by 5
  32. 2024Synthetic Data Generation and Joint Learning for Robust Code-Mixed Translationcited by 5
  33. 2024Can Code-Switched Texts Activate a Knowledge Switch in LLMs? A Case Study on English-Korean Code-Switchingcited by 5
  34. 2025A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 5
  35. 2025Multilingual Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models: A Survey Across NLP Taskscited by 5
  36. 2021Challenges and Considerations with Code-Mixed NLP for Multilingual Societiescited by 4
  37. 2021VAE based Text Style Transfer with Pivot Words Enhancement Learningcited by 4
  38. 2025Overview of ADoBo at IberLEF 2025: Automatic Detection of Anglicisms in Spanishcited by 4

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