Aggression-annotated Corpus of Hindi-English Code-mixed Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
As the interaction over the web has increased, incidents of aggression and related events like trolling, cyberbullying, flaming, hate speech, etc. too have increased manifold across the globe. While most of these behaviour like bullying or hate speech have predated the Internet, the reach and extent of the Internet has given these an unprecedented power and influence to affect the lives of billions of people. So it is of utmost significance and importance that some preventive measures be taken to provide safeguard to the people using the web such that the web remains a viable medium of communication and connection, in general. In this paper, we discuss the development of an aggression tagset and an annotated corpus of Hindi-English code-mixed data from two of the most popular social networking and social media platforms in India, Twitter and Facebook. The corpus is annotated using a hierarchical tagset of 3 top-level tags and 10 level 2 tags. The final dataset contains approximately 18k tweets and 21k facebook comments and is being released for further research in the field.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Mar 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 4; 2023: 8; 2024: 12; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
40 papers.
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- 2021Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutionscited by 66
- 2022The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challengescited by 35
- 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 26
- 2024MetaHate: A Dataset for Unifying Efforts on Hate Speech Detectioncited by 14
- 2023Memotion 3: Dataset on Sentiment and Emotion Analysis of Codemixed Hindi-English Memescited by 12
- 2021An Information Retrieval Approach to Building Datasets for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 9
- 2023Uncovering Political Hate Speech During Indian Election Campaign: A New Low-Resource Dataset and Baselinescited by 8
- 2021Hater-O-Genius Aggression Classification using Capsule Networkscited by 7
- 2024"Define Your Terms" : Enhancing Efficient Offensive Speech Classification with Definitioncited by 7
- 2024A Comprehensive Study on NLP Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection: Legacy Methods, BERT, and LLMscited by 7
- 2025COMI-LINGUA: Expert Annotated Large-Scale Dataset for Multitask NLP in Hindi-English Code-Mixingcited by 6
- 2023Down the Rabbit Hole: Detecting Online Extremism, Radicalisation, and Politicised Hate Speechcited by 5
28 more
- 2023OffMix-3L: A Novel Code-Mixed Dataset in Bangla-English-Hindi for Offensive Language Identificationcited by 5
- 2021Challenges and Considerations with Code-Mixed NLP for Multilingual Societiescited by 4
- 2021The ComMA Dataset V0.2: Annotating Aggression and Bias in Multilingual Social Media Discoursecited by 4
- 2021Ceasing hate withMoH: Hate Speech Detection in Hindi-English Code-Switched Languagecited by 3
- 2022Highly Generalizable Models for Multilingual Hate Speech Detectioncited by 3
- 2023The Skipped Beat: A Study of Sociopragmatic Understanding in LLMs for 64 Languagescited by 3
- 2024Explain Thyself Bully: Sentiment Aided Cyberbullying Detection with Explanationcited by 3
- 2021SS-BERT: Mitigating Identity Terms Bias in Toxic Comment Classification by Utilising the Notion of "Subjectivity" and "Identity Terms"cited by 2
- 2021Offensive Language Detection with BERT-based models, By Customizing Attention Probabilitiescited by 2
- 2022Nipping in the Bud: Detection, Diffusion and Mitigation of Hate Speech on Social Mediacited by 2
- 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Datasetcited by 2
- 2023The Uli Dataset: An Exercise in Experience Led Annotation of oGBVcited by 2
- 2024Cross-lingual Offensive Language Detection: A Systematic Review of Datasets, Transfer Approaches and Challengescited by 2
- 2024A Multi-faceted Semi-Synthetic Dataset for Automated Cyberbullying Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Improving code-mixed hate detection by native sample mixing: A case study for Hindi-English code-mixed scenariocited by 2
- 2023Studying Socially Unacceptable Discourse Classification (SUD) through different eyes: "Are we on the same page ?"cited by 1
- 2024HarmPot: An Annotation Framework for Evaluating Offline Harm Potential of Social Media Textcited by 1
- 2025A Multi-Task Benchmark for Abusive Language Detection in Low-Resource Settingscited by 1
- 2026Multilingual Hate Speech Detection and Counterspeech Generation: A Comprehensive Survey and Practical Guidecited by 1
- 2023A Survey on Online User Aggression: Content Detection and Behavioral Analysis on Social Mediacited by 0
- 2024Overview of the 2023 ICON Shared Task on Gendered Abuse Detection in Indic Languagescited by 0
- 2024Analysis of Socially Unacceptable Discourse with Zero-shot Learningcited by 0
- 2024What is the social benefit of hate speech detection research? A Systematic Reviewcited by 0
- 2024A Unified Multi-Task Learning Architecture for Hate Detection Leveraging User-Based Informationcited by 0
- 2025Cyberbullying Detection in Hinglish Text Using MURIL and Explainable AIcited by 0
- 2025Web(er) of Hate: A Survey on How Hate Speech Is Typedcited by 0
- 2025Defining, Understanding, and Detecting Online Toxicity: Challenges and Machine Learning Approachescited by 0
- 2026PERCEPT: A Corpus for POS Tagging and Analysis of Persian-English Code-Mixingcited by 0
- 2026PERCEPT: A Corpus for POS Tagging and Analysis of Persian-English Code-Mixing10 Aug 2026
- 2026Multilingual Hate Speech Detection and Counterspeech Generation: A Comprehensive Survey and Practical Guide1 Mar 2026
- 2025Defining, Understanding, and Detecting Online Toxicity: Challenges and Machine Learning Approaches14 Sep 2025
- 2025Web(er) of Hate: A Survey on How Hate Speech Is Typed19 Jun 2025
- 2025Cyberbullying Detection in Hinglish Text Using MURIL and Explainable AI19 Jun 2025
- 2025A Multi-Task Benchmark for Abusive Language Detection in Low-Resource Settings17 May 2025
- 2025COMI-LINGUA: Expert Annotated Large-Scale Dataset for Multitask NLP in Hindi-English Code-Mixing27 Mar 2025
- 2024A Unified Multi-Task Learning Architecture for Hate Detection Leveraging User-Based Information11 Nov 2024
- 2024What is the social benefit of hate speech detection research? A Systematic Review26 Sep 2024
- 2024Analysis of Socially Unacceptable Discourse with Zero-shot Learning10 Sep 2024
- 2024Improving code-mixed hate detection by native sample mixing: A case study for Hindi-English code-mixed scenario31 May 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Study on NLP Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection: Legacy Methods, BERT, and LLMs30 Mar 2024
28 more
- 2024HarmPot: An Annotation Framework for Evaluating Offline Harm Potential of Social Media Text17 Mar 2024
- 2024A Multi-faceted Semi-Synthetic Dataset for Automated Cyberbullying Detection9 Feb 2024
- 2024"Define Your Terms" : Enhancing Efficient Offensive Speech Classification with Definition5 Feb 2024
- 2024Cross-lingual Offensive Language Detection: A Systematic Review of Datasets, Transfer Approaches and Challenges17 Jan 2024
- 2024Explain Thyself Bully: Sentiment Aided Cyberbullying Detection with Explanation17 Jan 2024
- 2024MetaHate: A Dataset for Unifying Efforts on Hate Speech Detection12 Jan 2024
- 2024Overview of the 2023 ICON Shared Task on Gendered Abuse Detection in Indic Languages8 Jan 2024
- 2023A Survey on Online User Aggression: Content Detection and Behavioral Analysis on Social Media15 Nov 2023
- 2023The Uli Dataset: An Exercise in Experience Led Annotation of oGBV15 Nov 2023
- 2023OffMix-3L: A Novel Code-Mixed Dataset in Bangla-English-Hindi for Offensive Language Identification27 Oct 2023
- 2023The Skipped Beat: A Study of Sociopragmatic Understanding in LLMs for 64 Languages23 Oct 2023
- 2023Studying Socially Unacceptable Discourse Classification (SUD) through different eyes: "Are we on the same page ?"8 Aug 2023
- 2023Uncovering Political Hate Speech During Indian Election Campaign: A New Low-Resource Dataset and Baselines26 Jun 2023
- 2023Memotion 3: Dataset on Sentiment and Emotion Analysis of Codemixed Hindi-English Memes17 Mar 2023
- 2023Down the Rabbit Hole: Detecting Online Extremism, Radicalisation, and Politicised Hate Speech27 Jan 2023
- 2022The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challenges19 Dec 2022
- 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Dataset1 Dec 2022
- 2022Highly Generalizable Models for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection27 Jan 2022
- 2022Nipping in the Bud: Detection, Diffusion and Mitigation of Hate Speech on Social Media4 Jan 2022
- 2021The ComMA Dataset V0.2: Annotating Aggression and Bias in Multilingual Social Media Discourse19 Nov 2021
- 2021Ceasing hate withMoH: Hate Speech Detection in Hindi-English Code-Switched Language18 Oct 2021
- 2021Offensive Language Detection with BERT-based models, By Customizing Attention Probabilities11 Oct 2021
- 2021SS-BERT: Mitigating Identity Terms Bias in Toxic Comment Classification by Utilising the Notion of "Subjectivity" and "Identity Terms"6 Sep 2021
- 2021An Information Retrieval Approach to Building Datasets for Hate Speech Detection17 Jun 2021
- 2021Challenges and Considerations with Code-Mixed NLP for Multilingual Societies15 Jun 2021
- 2021Hater-O-Genius Aggression Classification using Capsule Networks24 May 2021
- 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processing22 May 2021
- 2021Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutions17 Feb 2021
- 2021Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutionscited by 66
- 2022The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challengescited by 35
- 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 26
- 2024MetaHate: A Dataset for Unifying Efforts on Hate Speech Detectioncited by 14
- 2023Memotion 3: Dataset on Sentiment and Emotion Analysis of Codemixed Hindi-English Memescited by 12
- 2021An Information Retrieval Approach to Building Datasets for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 9
- 2023Uncovering Political Hate Speech During Indian Election Campaign: A New Low-Resource Dataset and Baselinescited by 8
- 2021Hater-O-Genius Aggression Classification using Capsule Networkscited by 7
- 2024"Define Your Terms" : Enhancing Efficient Offensive Speech Classification with Definitioncited by 7
- 2024A Comprehensive Study on NLP Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection: Legacy Methods, BERT, and LLMscited by 7
- 2025COMI-LINGUA: Expert Annotated Large-Scale Dataset for Multitask NLP in Hindi-English Code-Mixingcited by 6
- 2023Down the Rabbit Hole: Detecting Online Extremism, Radicalisation, and Politicised Hate Speechcited by 5
12 most cited of 40 All 40 (JSON)
- 2026PERCEPT: A Corpus for POS Tagging and Analysis of Persian-English Code-Mixing10 Aug 2026
- 2026Multilingual Hate Speech Detection and Counterspeech Generation: A Comprehensive Survey and Practical Guide1 Mar 2026
- 2025Defining, Understanding, and Detecting Online Toxicity: Challenges and Machine Learning Approaches14 Sep 2025
- 2025Web(er) of Hate: A Survey on How Hate Speech Is Typed19 Jun 2025
- 2025Cyberbullying Detection in Hinglish Text Using MURIL and Explainable AI19 Jun 2025
- 2025A Multi-Task Benchmark for Abusive Language Detection in Low-Resource Settings17 May 2025
- 2025COMI-LINGUA: Expert Annotated Large-Scale Dataset for Multitask NLP in Hindi-English Code-Mixing27 Mar 2025
- 2024A Unified Multi-Task Learning Architecture for Hate Detection Leveraging User-Based Information11 Nov 2024
- 2024What is the social benefit of hate speech detection research? A Systematic Review26 Sep 2024
- 2024Analysis of Socially Unacceptable Discourse with Zero-shot Learning10 Sep 2024
- 2024Improving code-mixed hate detection by native sample mixing: A case study for Hindi-English code-mixed scenario31 May 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Study on NLP Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection: Legacy Methods, BERT, and LLMs30 Mar 2024
12 newest of 40 All 40 (JSON)