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A Survey of Code-switched Speech and Language Processing

arXiv 1904.00784 ↗First posted 25 Mar 2019cs.CL cs.LG stat.MLcited by 73

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Abstract (arXiv)

Code-switching, the alternation of languages within a conversation or utterance, is a common communicative phenomenon that occurs in multilingual communities across the world. This survey reviews computational approaches for code-switched Speech and Natural Language Processing. We motivate why processing code-switched text and speech is essential for building intelligent agents and systems that interact with users in multilingual communities. As code-switching data and resources are scarce, we list what is available in various code-switched language pairs with the language processing tasks they can be used for. We review code-switching research in various Speech and NLP applications, including language processing tools and end-to-end systems. We conclude with future directions and open problems in the field.

Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Mar 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 19; 2022: 10; 2023: 11; 2024: 11; 2025: 12; 2026: 10.

73 papers.

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  1. 2023MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AIcited by 291
  2. 2021QA Dataset Explosion: A Taxonomy of NLP Resources for Question Answering and Reading Comprehensioncited by 91
  3. 2022One Country, 700+ Languages: NLP Challenges for Underrepresented Languages and Dialects in Indonesiacited by 65
  4. 2023A Survey of Code-switching: Linguistic and Social Perspectives for Language Technologiescited by 59
  5. 2021Multilingual and code-switching ASR challenges for low resource Indian languagescited by 50
  6. 2025Towards Holistic Evaluation of Large Audio-Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 38
  7. 2022The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challengescited by 35
  8. 2021Code-Mixing on Sesame Street: Dawn of the Adversarial Polyglotscited by 23
  9. 2021Can You Traducir This? Machine Translation for Code-Switched Inputcited by 21
  10. 2022LAE: Language-Aware Encoder for Monolingual and Multilingual ASRcited by 21
  11. 2022Language-specific Characteristic Assistance for Code-switching Speech Recognitioncited by 20
  12. 2021Arabic Code-Switching Speech Recognition using Monolingual Datacited by 17
38 more
  1. 2021Joint Modeling of Code-Switched and Monolingual ASR via Conditional Factorizationcited by 17
  2. 2021Exploring Text-to-Text Transformers for English to Hinglish Machine Translation with Synthetic Code-Mixingcited by 16
  3. 2023Representativeness as a Forgotten Lesson for Multilingual and Code-switched Data Collection and Preparationcited by 16
  4. 2021SJ_AJ@DravidianLangTech-EACL2021: Task-Adaptive Pre-Training of Multilingual BERT models for Offensive Language Identificationcited by 11
  5. 2021Investigating Code-Mixed Modern Standard Arabic-Egyptian to English Machine Translationcited by 10
  6. 2024MaskLID: Code-Switching Language Identification through Iterative Maskingcited by 10
  7. 2023Speech collage: code-switched audio generation by collaging monolingual corporacited by 9
  8. 2021CodemixedNLP: An Extensible and Open NLP Toolkit for Code-Mixingcited by 8
  9. 2023Unified model for code-switching speech recognition and language identification based on a concatenated tokenizercited by 8
  10. 2023BA-MoE: Boundary-Aware Mixture-of-Experts Adapter for Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 8
  11. 2024From Human Judgements to Predictive Models: Unravelling Acceptability in Code-Mixed Sentencescited by 8
  12. 2023Code-Switched Text Synthesis in Unseen Language Pairscited by 7
  13. 2023Leveraging Data Collection and Unsupervised Learning for Code-switched Tunisian Arabic Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 7
  14. 2024Linguistics Theory Meets LLM: Code-Switched Text Generation via Equivalence Constrained Large Language Modelscited by 6
  15. 2025Attributional Safety Failures in Large Language Models under Code-Mixed Perturbationscited by 6
  16. 2021Task-Specific Pre-Training and Cross Lingual Transfer for Code-Switched Datacited by 5
  17. 2021Switch Point biased Self-Training: Re-purposing Pretrained Models for Code-Switchingcited by 5
  18. 2022Benchmarking Evaluation Metrics for Code-Switching Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 5
  19. 2024Synthetic Data Generation and Joint Learning for Robust Code-Mixed Translationcited by 5
  20. 2025A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 5
  21. 2021Multilingual Transfer Learning for Code-Switched Language and Speech Neural Modelingcited by 4
  22. 2021GupShup: An Annotated Corpus for Abstractive Summarization of Open-Domain Code-Switched Conversationscited by 4
  23. 2023Breaking the Language Barrier: Improving Cross-Lingual Reasoning with Structured Self-Attentioncited by 4
  24. 2025Parallel Corpora for Machine Translation in Low-resource Indic Languages: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 4
  25. 2025Code-Switching in End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 4
  26. 2025Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey of Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalitiescited by 4
  27. 2023Comparative Study of Pre-Trained BERT Models for Code-Mixed Hindi-English Datacited by 3
  28. 2024Code-Switched Language Identification is Harder Than You Thinkcited by 3
  29. 2024ArzEn-LLM: Code-Switched Egyptian Arabic-English Translation and Speech Recognition Using LLMscited by 3
  30. 2025ASR Under the Stethoscope: Evaluating Biases in Clinical Speech Recognition across Indian Languagescited by 3
  31. 2021One Source, Two Targets: Challenges and Rewards of Dual Decodingcited by 2
  32. 2021Predicting User Code-Switching Level from Sociological and Psychological Profilescited by 2
  33. 2022Findings of the Shared Task on Offensive Span Identification from Code-Mixed Tamil-English Commentscited by 2
  34. 2024Enhancing Code-Switching Speech Recognition with LID-Based Collaborative Mixture of Experts Modelcited by 2
  35. 2024Revealing the impact of synthetic native samples and multi-tasking strategies in Hindi-English code-mixed humour and sarcasm detectioncited by 2
  36. 2021Balanced End-to-End Monolingual pre-training for Low-Resourced Indic Languages Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 1
  37. 2022The Who in Code-Switching: A Case Study for Predicting Egyptian Arabic-English Code-Switching Levels based on Character Profilescited by 1
  38. 2023Detecting Propaganda Techniques in Code-Switched Social Media Textcited by 1

50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)