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Challenges of Computational Processing of Code-Switching

arXiv 1610.02213 ↗First posted 7 Oct 2016cs.CLcited by 20

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper addresses challenges of Natural Language Processing (NLP) on non-canonical multilingual data in which two or more languages are mixed. It refers to code-switching which has become more popular in our daily life and therefore obtains an increasing amount of attention from the research community. We report our experience that cov- ers not only core NLP tasks such as normalisation, language identification, language modelling, part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing but also more downstream ones such as machine translation and automatic speech recognition. We highlight and discuss the key problems for each of the tasks with supporting examples from different language pairs and relevant previous work.

Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Oct 2016.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 7; 2023: 2; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

20 papers.

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  1. 2021Multilingual and code-switching ASR challenges for low resource Indian languagescited by 50
  2. 2022The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challengescited by 35
  3. 2021On Language Models for Creolescited by 17
  4. 2021Investigations on Speech Recognition Systems for Low-Resource Dialectal Arabic-English Code-Switching Speechcited by 15
  5. 2022ArzEn-ST: A Three-way Speech Translation Corpus for Code-Switched Egyptian Arabic - Englishcited by 13
  6. 2025PIER: A Novel Metric for Evaluating What Matters in Code-Switchingcited by 11
  7. 2022Investigating Lexical Replacements for Arabic-English Code-Switched Data Augmentationcited by 9
  8. 2024From Human Judgements to Predictive Models: Unravelling Acceptability in Code-Mixed Sentencescited by 8
  9. 2022Exploring Segmentation Approaches for Neural Machine Translation of Code-Switched Egyptian Arabic-English Textcited by 7
  10. 2023Has It All Been Solved? Open NLP Research Questions Not Solved by Large Language Modelscited by 7
  11. 2025A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 5
  12. 2023Beqi: Revitalize the Senegalese Wolof Language with a Robust Spelling Correctorcited by 4
8 more
  1. 2024Prompting Towards Alleviating Code-Switched Data Scarcity in Under-Resourced Languages with GPT as a Pivotcited by 3
  2. 2021Predicting User Code-Switching Level from Sociological and Psychological Profilescited by 2
  3. 2022The Who in Code-Switching: A Case Study for Predicting Egyptian Arabic-English Code-Switching Levels based on Character Profilescited by 1
  4. 2024Computational Approaches to Arabic-English Code-Switchingcited by 1
  5. 2022TuGeBiC: A Turkish German Bilingual Code-Switching Corpuscited by 0
  6. 2022PreCogIIITH at HinglishEval : Leveraging Code-Mixing Metrics & Language Model Embeddings To Estimate Code-Mix Qualitycited by 0
  7. 2025Opportunities and Challenges of Natural Language Processing for Low-Resource Senegalese Languages in Social Science Researchcited by 0
  8. 2026Correction as Annotation: Bootstrapping a Dependency Parser for Documentary Medieval Latincited by 0