DeepLSD: Line Segment Detection and Refinement with Deep Image Gradients
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Abstract (arXiv)
Line segments are ubiquitous in our human-made world and are increasingly used in vision tasks. They are complementary to feature points thanks to their spatial extent and the structural information they provide. Traditional line detectors based on the image gradient are extremely fast and accurate, but lack robustness in noisy images and challenging conditions. Their learned counterparts are more repeatable and can handle challenging images, but at the cost of a lower accuracy and a bias towards wireframe lines. We propose to combine traditional and learned approaches to get the best of both worlds: an accurate and robust line detector that can be trained in the wild without ground truth lines. Our new line segment detector, DeepLSD, processes images with a deep network to generate a line attraction field, before converting it to a surrogate image gradient magnitude and angle, which is then fed to any existing handcrafted line detector. Additionally, we propose a new optimization tool to refine line segments based on the attraction field and vanishing points. This refinement improves the accuracy of current deep detectors by a large margin. We demonstrate the performance of our method on low-level line detection metrics, as well as on several downstream tasks using multiple challenging datasets. The source code and models are available at https://github.com/cvg/DeepLSD.
Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Dec 2022.
Builds on
40 of 69 references.
References · 40
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,713
- 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 7,005
- 2019SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1,443
- 2017SuperPoint: Self-Supervised Interest Point Detection and Descriptioncited by 1,320
- 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 737
- 2020Hypersim: A Photorealistic Synthetic Dataset for Holistic Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 604
- 2018From Coarse to Fine: Robust Hierarchical Localization at Large Scalecited by 559
- 2017HPatches: A benchmark and evaluation of handcrafted and learned local descriptorscited by 264
- 2021Pixel-Perfect Structure-from-Motion with Featuremetric Refinementcited by 200
- 2021Back to the Feature: Learning Robust Camera Localization from Pixels to Posecited by 199
- 2020Visual Camera Re-Localization from RGB and RGB-D Images Using DSACcited by 176
28 more
- 2021Line Segment Detection Using Transformers without Edgescited by 73
- 2019End-to-End Wireframe Parsingcited by 72
- 2020Learning to Parse Wireframes in Images of Man-Made Environmentscited by 71
- 2020Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsingcited by 64
- 2017PL-SLAM: a Stereo SLAM System through the Combination of Points and Line Segmentscited by 59
- 2018Learning Attraction Field Representation for Robust Line Segment Detectioncited by 52
- 2021SOLD2: Self-supervised Occlusion-aware Line Description and Detectioncited by 47
- 2020Deep Hough-Transform Line Priorscited by 44
- 2019Progressive-X: Efficient, Anytime, Multi-Model Fitting Algorithmcited by 43
- 2020Online Invariance Selection for Local Feature Descriptorscited by 41
- 2019PPGNet: Learning Point-Pair Graph for Line Segment Detectioncited by 39
- 2021Towards Light-weight and Real-time Line Segment Detectioncited by 33
- 2020TP-LSD: Tri-Points Based Line Segment Detectorcited by 31
- 2020CONSAC: Robust Multi-Model Fitting by Conditional Sample Consensuscited by 30
- 2021VS-Net: Voting with Segmentation for Visual Localizationcited by 29
- 2022Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsing: From Supervised to Self-Supervised Learningcited by 26
- 2021Fully Convolutional Line Parsingcited by 24
- 2017Robust Visual SLAM with Point and Line Featurescited by 23
- 2021ELSED: Enhanced Line SEgment Drawingcited by 23
- 2021ELSD: Efficient Line Segment Detector and Descriptorcited by 18
- 2020LGNN: A Context-aware Line Segment Detectorcited by 15
- 2020PL-VINS: Real-Time Monocular Visual-Inertial SLAM with Point and Line Featurescited by 15
- 2021Pose Refinement with Joint Optimization of Visual Points and Linescited by 14
- 2020ULSD: Unified Line Segment Detection across Pinhole, Fisheye, and Spherical Camerascited by 11
- 2022LSDNet: Trainable Modification of LSD Algorithm for Real-Time Line Segment Detectioncited by 10
- 2021On Incremental Structure-from-Motion using Linescited by 5
- 2020MCMLSD: A Probabilistic Algorithm and Evaluation Framework for Line Segment Detectioncited by 4
- 2021LOF: Structure-Aware Line Tracking based on Optical Flowcited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 8; 2024: 19; 2025: 12; 2026: 21.
60 papers.
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- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 66
- 2023DeDoDe: Detect, Don't Describe -- Describe, Don't Detect for Local Feature Matchingcited by 63
- 2023Shadows Don't Lie and Lines Can't Bend! Generative Models don't know Projective Geometry...for nowcited by 61
- 2024GeoCalib: Learning Single-image Calibration with Geometric Optimizationcited by 52
- 20233D Line Mapping Revisitedcited by 39
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Featurescited by 31
- 2025Sketch and Patch: Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Man-Made Scenescited by 20
- 2025AnyCalib: On-Manifold Learning for Model-Agnostic Single-View Camera Calibrationcited by 18
- 2024LoD-Loc: Aerial Visual Localization using LoD 3D Map with Neural Wireframe Alignmentcited by 13
- 2023NEAT: Distilling 3D Wireframes from Neural Attraction Fieldscited by 12
- 20243D Neural Edge Reconstructioncited by 12
- 2025FrontierNet: Learning Visual Cues to Explorecited by 12
38 more
- 2024Fully Geometric Panoramic Localizationcited by 11
- 2024EdgeGaussians -- 3D Edge Mapping via Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
- 2025Curve-Aware Gaussian Splatting for 3D Parametric Curve Reconstructioncited by 10
- 2024Generating 3D House Wireframes with Semanticscited by 8
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of Image Line Segment Detection and Description: Taxonomies, Comparisons, and Challengescited by 6
- 2023Handbook on Leveraging Lines for Two-View Relative Pose Estimationcited by 6
- 2024Revisiting Sampson Approximations for Geometric Estimation Problemscited by 6
- 2024PARSAC: Accelerating Robust Multi-Model Fitting with Parallel Sample Consensuscited by 6
- 2025SketchSplat: 3D Edge Reconstruction via Differentiable Multi-view Sketch Splattingcited by 6
- 2025ScaleLSD: Scalable Deep Line Segment Detection Streamlinedcited by 5
- 2023LF-PGVIO: A Visual-Inertial-Odometry Framework for Large Field-of-View Cameras using Points and Geodesic Segmentscited by 3
- 2024Representing 3D sparse map points and lines for camera relocalizationcited by 3
- 2025Single-Scanline Relative Pose Estimation for Rolling Shutter Camerascited by 3
- 2024LineGS : 3D Line Segment Representation on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
- 2025PixCuboid: Room Layout Estimation from Multi-view Featuremetric Alignmentcited by 2
- 2025Lattice-allocated Real-time Line Segment Feature Detection and Tracking Using Only an Event-based Cameracited by 2
- 2026PAWS: Perception of Articulation in the Wild at Scale from Egocentric Videoscited by 2
- 2024Efficient Solution of Point-Line Absolute Posecited by 1
- 2024MeasureNet: Measurement Based Celiac Disease Identificationcited by 1
- 2026Sketch&Patch++: Efficient Structure-Aware 3D Gaussian Representationcited by 1
- 2026Interacted Planes Reveal 3D Line Mappingcited by 1
- 2026ClueAegis: Heuristic-to-Reasoning Cognitive-skill Learning for Unified Evidence-based Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 1
- 2026MiLSD: A Micro Line-Segment Detector for Resource-Constrained Devicescited by 1
- 2024Learning Multiple Representations with Inconsistency-Guided Detail Regularization for Mask-Guided Mattingcited by 0
- 2024Linear Anchored Gaussian Mixture Model for Location and Width Computations of Objects in Thick Line Shapecited by 0
- 2024Robust Curve Detection in Volumetric Medical Imaging via Attraction Fieldcited by 0
- 2024LapisGS: Layered Progressive 3D Gaussian Splatting for Adaptive Streamingcited by 0
- 2024Evaluating Low-Resource Lane Following Algorithms for Compute-Constrained Automated Vehiclescited by 0
- 2024The Impact of Semi-Supervised Learning on Line Segment Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Improved 3D Point-Line Mapping Regression for Camera Relocalizationcited by 0
- 2025Utilizing Reinforcement Learning for Bottom-Up part-wise Reconstruction of 2D Wire-Frame Projectionscited by 0
- 2025Adaptive Dual-Constrained Line Aggregation for Cross-Paradigm Line Segment Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Enabling Stroke-Level Structural Analysis of Hieroglyphic Scripts without Language-Specific Priorscited by 0
- 2026Detecting 3D Line Segments for 6DoF Pose Estimation with Limited Datacited by 0
- 2026RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026Vision-Based Water Level and Flow Estimationcited by 0
- 2026Efficient 3D Content Reconstruction and Generationcited by 0
- 2026EPO: Boosting 3D Foundation Models with Edge-based Pose Optimizationcited by 0
50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2026Towards Complementary Keypoint Detection via Mixture of Detectors12 Oct 2026
- 2026FPicker: Topology-Guided Evolution for Filament Tracing in Low-SNR Microscopy8 Sep 2026
- 2026Stable and Scalable Bundle Adjustment of Holistic 3D Structures3 Sep 2026
- 2026STARLINC: Satellite Trail Artifact Removal using Inter-Frame Correlation29 Aug 2026
- 2026SweepLSD: A One-Pass, O(width)-Memory Line Segment Detector with an Integer-Only Streaming Core and a Real-Time FPGA Realization22 Aug 2026
- 2026Unified and Efficient Point-Line Local Features20 Aug 2026
- 2026NPLSD: Accelerating Line-Segment Detection on NPU Microcontrollers12 Aug 2026
- 2026PolyLayout: Multi-room Manhattan Layout Estimation4 Aug 2026
- 2026SLAM in Low-Light Environments: Project Report20 Jul 2026
- 2026MiLSD: A Micro Line-Segment Detector for Resource-Constrained Devices7 Jul 2026
- 2026Streaming Neural Speech Codecs through Time-Invariant Representations6 Jul 2026
- 2026EPO: Boosting 3D Foundation Models with Edge-based Pose Optimization1 Jul 2026
38 more
- 2026ClueAegis: Heuristic-to-Reasoning Cognitive-skill Learning for Unified Evidence-based Synthetic Image Detection24 May 2026
- 2026Efficient 3D Content Reconstruction and Generation18 May 2026
- 2026Vision-Based Water Level and Flow Estimation14 May 2026
- 2026PAWS: Perception of Articulation in the Wild at Scale from Egocentric Videos26 Mar 2026
- 2026RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstruction20 Feb 2026
- 2026Interacted Planes Reveal 3D Line Mapping1 Feb 2026
- 2026Detecting 3D Line Segments for 6DoF Pose Estimation with Limited Data17 Jan 2026
- 2026Enabling Stroke-Level Structural Analysis of Hieroglyphic Scripts without Language-Specific Priors9 Jan 2026
- 2026Sketch&Patch++: Efficient Structure-Aware 3D Gaussian Representation8 Jan 2026
- 2025Lattice-allocated Real-time Line Segment Feature Detection and Tracking Using Only an Event-based Camera8 Oct 2025
- 2025Adaptive Dual-Constrained Line Aggregation for Cross-Paradigm Line Segment Detection27 Aug 2025
- 2025PixCuboid: Room Layout Estimation from Multi-view Featuremetric Alignment6 Aug 2025
- 2025Single-Scanline Relative Pose Estimation for Rolling Shutter Cameras27 Jun 2025
- 2025Curve-Aware Gaussian Splatting for 3D Parametric Curve Reconstruction26 Jun 2025
- 2025ScaleLSD: Scalable Deep Line Segment Detection Streamlined11 Jun 2025
- 2025Utilizing Reinforcement Learning for Bottom-Up part-wise Reconstruction of 2D Wire-Frame Projections20 Mar 2025
- 2025SketchSplat: 3D Edge Reconstruction via Differentiable Multi-view Sketch Splatting18 Mar 2025
- 2025AnyCalib: On-Manifold Learning for Model-Agnostic Single-View Camera Calibration16 Mar 2025
- 2025Improved 3D Point-Line Mapping Regression for Camera Relocalization28 Feb 2025
- 2025Sketch and Patch: Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Man-Made Scenes22 Jan 2025
- 2025FrontierNet: Learning Visual Cues to Explore8 Jan 2025
- 2024MeasureNet: Measurement Based Celiac Disease Identification2 Dec 2024
- 2024LineGS : 3D Line Segment Representation on 3D Gaussian Splatting30 Nov 2024
- 2024The Impact of Semi-Supervised Learning on Line Segment Detection7 Nov 2024
- 2024LoD-Loc: Aerial Visual Localization using LoD 3D Map with Neural Wireframe Alignment16 Oct 2024
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Features29 Sep 2024
- 2024EdgeGaussians -- 3D Edge Mapping via Gaussian Splatting19 Sep 2024
- 2024GeoCalib: Learning Single-image Calibration with Geometric Optimization10 Sep 2024
- 2024Evaluating Low-Resource Lane Following Algorithms for Compute-Constrained Automated Vehicles4 Sep 2024
- 2024LapisGS: Layered Progressive 3D Gaussian Splatting for Adaptive Streaming27 Aug 2024
- 2024Robust Curve Detection in Volumetric Medical Imaging via Attraction Field2 Aug 2024
- 2024Generating 3D House Wireframes with Semantics17 Jul 2024
- 20243D Neural Edge Reconstruction29 May 2024
- 2024Efficient Solution of Point-Line Absolute Pose25 Apr 2024
- 2024Linear Anchored Gaussian Mixture Model for Location and Width Computations of Objects in Thick Line Shape3 Apr 2024
- 2024Fully Geometric Panoramic Localization29 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Multiple Representations with Inconsistency-Guided Detail Regularization for Mask-Guided Matting28 Mar 2024
- 2024Representing 3D sparse map points and lines for camera relocalization28 Feb 2024
50 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 66
- 2023DeDoDe: Detect, Don't Describe -- Describe, Don't Detect for Local Feature Matchingcited by 63
- 2023Shadows Don't Lie and Lines Can't Bend! Generative Models don't know Projective Geometry...for nowcited by 61
- 2024GeoCalib: Learning Single-image Calibration with Geometric Optimizationcited by 52
- 20233D Line Mapping Revisitedcited by 39
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Featurescited by 31
- 2025Sketch and Patch: Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Man-Made Scenescited by 20
- 2025AnyCalib: On-Manifold Learning for Model-Agnostic Single-View Camera Calibrationcited by 18
- 2024LoD-Loc: Aerial Visual Localization using LoD 3D Map with Neural Wireframe Alignmentcited by 13
- 2023NEAT: Distilling 3D Wireframes from Neural Attraction Fieldscited by 12
- 20243D Neural Edge Reconstructioncited by 12
- 2025FrontierNet: Learning Visual Cues to Explorecited by 12
12 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026Towards Complementary Keypoint Detection via Mixture of Detectors12 Oct 2026
- 2026FPicker: Topology-Guided Evolution for Filament Tracing in Low-SNR Microscopy8 Sep 2026
- 2026Stable and Scalable Bundle Adjustment of Holistic 3D Structures3 Sep 2026
- 2026STARLINC: Satellite Trail Artifact Removal using Inter-Frame Correlation29 Aug 2026
- 2026SweepLSD: A One-Pass, O(width)-Memory Line Segment Detector with an Integer-Only Streaming Core and a Real-Time FPGA Realization22 Aug 2026
- 2026Unified and Efficient Point-Line Local Features20 Aug 2026
- 2026NPLSD: Accelerating Line-Segment Detection on NPU Microcontrollers12 Aug 2026
- 2026PolyLayout: Multi-room Manhattan Layout Estimation4 Aug 2026
- 2026SLAM in Low-Light Environments: Project Report20 Jul 2026
- 2026MiLSD: A Micro Line-Segment Detector for Resource-Constrained Devices7 Jul 2026
- 2026Streaming Neural Speech Codecs through Time-Invariant Representations6 Jul 2026
- 2026EPO: Boosting 3D Foundation Models with Edge-based Pose Optimization1 Jul 2026
12 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)