PL-SLAM: a Stereo SLAM System through the Combination of Points and Line Segments
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Abstract (arXiv)
Traditional approaches to stereo visual SLAM rely on point features to estimate the camera trajectory and build a map of the environment. In low-textured environments, though, it is often difficult to find a sufficient number of reliable point features and, as a consequence, the performance of such algorithms degrades. This paper proposes PL-SLAM, a stereo visual SLAM system that combines both points and line segments to work robustly in a wider variety of scenarios, particularly in those where point features are scarce or not well-distributed in the image. PL-SLAM leverages both points and segments at all the instances of the process: visual odometry, keyframe selection, bundle adjustment, etc. We contribute also with a loop closure procedure through a novel bag-of-words approach that exploits the combined descriptive power of the two kinds of features. Additionally, the resulting map is richer and more diverse in 3D elements, which can be exploited to infer valuable, high-level scene structures like planes, empty spaces, ground plane, etc. (not addressed in this work). Our proposal has been tested with several popular datasets (such as KITTI and EuRoC), and is compared to state of the art methods like ORB-SLAM, revealing a more robust performance in most of the experiments, while still running in real-time. An open source version of the PL-SLAM C++ code will be released for the benefit of the community.
Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 May 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 13; 2023: 8; 2024: 9; 2025: 9; 2026: 8.
58 papers.
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- 2021CFNet: Cascade and Fused Cost Volume for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 153
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 65
- 2022DeepLSD: Line Segment Detection and Refinement with Deep Image Gradientscited by 58
- 20233D Line Mapping Revisitedcited by 39
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Featurescited by 31
- 2022Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsing: From Supervised to Self-Supervised Learningcited by 26
- 2021ELSED: Enhanced Line SEgment Drawingcited by 23
- 2023Digging Into Uncertainty-based Pseudo-label for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 22
- 2021ManhattanSLAM: Robust Planar Tracking and Mapping Leveraging Mixture of Manhattan Framescited by 17
- 2022Structure PLP-SLAM: Efficient Sparse Mapping and Localization using Point, Line and Plane for Monocular, RGB-D and Stereo Camerascited by 16
- 2021Line as a Visual Sentence: Context-aware Line Descriptor for Visual Localizationcited by 14
- 2021Pose Refinement with Joint Optimization of Visual Points and Linescited by 14
38 more
- 2024PnLCalib: Sports Field Registration via Points and Lines Optimizationcited by 14
- 2021Avoiding Degeneracy for Monocular Visual SLAM with Point and Line Featurescited by 13
- 2021PLNet: Plane and Line Priors for Unsupervised Indoor Depth Estimationcited by 12
- 2022Visual SLAM: What are the Current Trends and What to Expect?cited by 10
- 2021AdaStereo: An Efficient Domain-Adaptive Stereo Matching Approachcited by 7
- 2022Vision-Based Environmental Perception for Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
- 2022Detecting Line Segments in Motion-blurred Images with Eventscited by 6
- 2023Handbook on Leveraging Lines for Two-View Relative Pose Estimationcited by 6
- 2024PAPL-SLAM: Principal Axis-Anchored Monocular Point-Line SLAMcited by 6
- 2025UP-SLAM: Adaptively Structured Gaussian SLAM with Uncertainty Prediction in Dynamic Environmentscited by 6
- 2021Fast and Robust Certifiable Estimation of the Relative Pose Between Two Calibrated Camerascited by 5
- 2022Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping with Quadric Surfacescited by 5
- 2022E-Graph: Minimal Solution for Rigid Rotation with Extensibility Graphscited by 4
- 2025GRAND-SLAM: Local Optimization for Globally Consistent Large-Scale Multi-Agent Gaussian SLAMcited by 4
- 2021Revisiting Binary Local Image Description for Resource Limited Devicescited by 3
- 2022DynPL-SVO: A Robust Stereo Visual Odometry for Dynamic Scenescited by 3
- 2022RWT-SLAM: Robust Visual SLAM for Highly Weak-textured Environmentscited by 3
- 2023LF-PGVIO: A Visual-Inertial-Odometry Framework for Large Field-of-View Cameras using Points and Geodesic Segmentscited by 3
- 2023Learning Better Keypoints for Multi-Object 6DoF Pose Estimationcited by 3
- 2024Representing 3D sparse map points and lines for camera relocalizationcited by 3
- 2024An Accurate and Real-time Relative Pose Estimation from Triple Point-line Images by Decoupling Rotation and Translationcited by 3
- 2021MSC-VO: Exploiting Manhattan and Structural Constraints for Visual Odometrycited by 2
- 2022VP-SLAM: A Monocular Real-time Visual SLAM with Points, Lines and Vanishing Pointscited by 2
- 2023Tightly-Coupled LiDAR-Visual SLAM Based on Geometric Features for Mobile Agentscited by 2
- 2024Reusable Architecture Growth for Continual Stereo Matchingcited by 2
- 2025LightGlueStick: a Fast and Robust Glue for Joint Point-Line Matchingcited by 2
- 2022Sparse Optical Flow-Based Line Feature Trackingcited by 1
- 2023EVOLIN Benchmark: Evaluation of Line Detection and Associationcited by 1
- 2025Improving Transformer Based Line Segment Detection with Matched Predicting and Re-rankingcited by 1
- 2025Registration beyond Points: General Affine Subspace Alignment via Geodesic Distance on Grassmann Manifoldcited by 1
- 2022PLD-SLAM: A Real-Time Visual SLAM Using Points and Line Segments in Dynamic Scenescited by 0
- 2024Str-L Pose: Integrating Point and Structured Line for Relative Pose Estimation in Dual-Graphcited by 0
- 2024A Simple yet Effective Subway Self-positioning Method based on Aerial-view Sleeper Detectioncited by 0
- 2024The Impact of Semi-Supervised Learning on Line Segment Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Improved 3D Point-Line Mapping Regression for Camera Relocalizationcited by 0
- 2025CMD: Constraining Multimodal Distribution for Domain Adaptation in Stereo Matchingcited by 0
- 2025Aligned Anchor Groups Guided Line Segment Detectorcited by 0
- 2025ACE-SLAM: Scene Coordinate Regression for Neural Implicit Real-Time SLAMcited by 0
50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026NSFlow: End-to-End Differentiable Neuro-Symbolic Optical Flow for Visual Odometry5 Sep 2026
- 2026SweepLSD: A One-Pass, O(width)-Memory Line Segment Detector with an Integer-Only Streaming Core and a Real-Time FPGA Realization22 Aug 2026
- 2026Unified and Efficient Point-Line Local Features20 Aug 2026
- 2026HOME: Robust Hough-space Matching Method for Structured and Textureless Videos28 Jul 2026
- 2026OTPL-VIO: Robust Visual-Inertial Odometry with Optimal Transport Line Association and Adaptive Uncertainty10 Mar 2026
- 2026RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstruction20 Feb 2026
- 2026POPL-KF: A Pose-Only Geometric Representation-Based Kalman Filter for Point-Line-Based Visual-Inertial Odometry6 Feb 2026
- 2026Line-based Event Preprocessing: Towards Low-Energy Neuromorphic Computer Vision10 Jan 2026
- 2025ACE-SLAM: Scene Coordinate Regression for Neural Implicit Real-Time SLAM16 Dec 2025
- 2025LightGlueStick: a Fast and Robust Glue for Joint Point-Line Matching18 Oct 2025
- 2025Aligned Anchor Groups Guided Line Segment Detector31 Aug 2025
- 2025Registration beyond Points: General Affine Subspace Alignment via Geodesic Distance on Grassmann Manifold24 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025GRAND-SLAM: Local Optimization for Globally Consistent Large-Scale Multi-Agent Gaussian SLAM23 Jun 2025
- 2025UP-SLAM: Adaptively Structured Gaussian SLAM with Uncertainty Prediction in Dynamic Environments28 May 2025
- 2025CMD: Constraining Multimodal Distribution for Domain Adaptation in Stereo Matching30 Apr 2025
- 2025Improved 3D Point-Line Mapping Regression for Camera Relocalization28 Feb 2025
- 2025Improving Transformer Based Line Segment Detection with Matched Predicting and Re-ranking25 Feb 2025
- 2024The Impact of Semi-Supervised Learning on Line Segment Detection7 Nov 2024
- 2024PAPL-SLAM: Principal Axis-Anchored Monocular Point-Line SLAM16 Oct 2024
- 2024A Simple yet Effective Subway Self-positioning Method based on Aerial-view Sleeper Detection12 Oct 2024
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Features29 Sep 2024
- 2024Str-L Pose: Integrating Point and Structured Line for Relative Pose Estimation in Dual-Graph28 Aug 2024
- 2024PnLCalib: Sports Field Registration via Points and Lines Optimization12 Apr 2024
- 2024Reusable Architecture Growth for Continual Stereo Matching30 Mar 2024
- 2024An Accurate and Real-time Relative Pose Estimation from Triple Point-line Images by Decoupling Rotation and Translation18 Mar 2024
- 2024Representing 3D sparse map points and lines for camera relocalization28 Feb 2024
- 2023Handbook on Leveraging Lines for Two-View Relative Pose Estimation27 Sep 2023
- 2023Learning Better Keypoints for Multi-Object 6DoF Pose Estimation15 Aug 2023
- 2023Digging Into Uncertainty-based Pseudo-label for Robust Stereo Matching31 Jul 2023
- 2023Tightly-Coupled LiDAR-Visual SLAM Based on Geometric Features for Mobile Agents15 Jul 2023
- 2023LF-PGVIO: A Visual-Inertial-Odometry Framework for Large Field-of-View Cameras using Points and Geodesic Segments11 Jun 2023
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Together4 Apr 2023
- 20233D Line Mapping Revisited30 Mar 2023
- 2023EVOLIN Benchmark: Evaluation of Line Detection and Association9 Mar 2023
- 2022Vision-Based Environmental Perception for Autonomous Driving22 Dec 2022
- 2022DeepLSD: Line Segment Detection and Refinement with Deep Image Gradients15 Dec 2022
- 2022Detecting Line Segments in Motion-blurred Images with Events14 Nov 2022
- 2022Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsing: From Supervised to Self-Supervised Learning24 Oct 2022
- 2022VP-SLAM: A Monocular Real-time Visual SLAM with Points, Lines and Vanishing Points23 Oct 2022
- 2022Visual SLAM: What are the Current Trends and What to Expect?19 Oct 2022
- 2022PLD-SLAM: A Real-Time Visual SLAM Using Points and Line Segments in Dynamic Scenes22 Jul 2022
- 2022E-Graph: Minimal Solution for Rigid Rotation with Extensibility Graphs20 Jul 2022
- 2022Structure PLP-SLAM: Efficient Sparse Mapping and Localization using Point, Line and Plane for Monocular, RGB-D and Stereo Cameras13 Jul 2022
- 2022RWT-SLAM: Robust Visual SLAM for Highly Weak-textured Environments7 Jul 2022
- 2022DynPL-SVO: A Robust Stereo Visual Odometry for Dynamic Scenes17 May 2022
- 2022Sparse Optical Flow-Based Line Feature Tracking7 Apr 2022
- 2022Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping with Quadric Surfaces15 Mar 2022
- 2021AdaStereo: An Efficient Domain-Adaptive Stereo Matching Approach9 Dec 2021
- 2021MSC-VO: Exploiting Manhattan and Structural Constraints for Visual Odometry5 Nov 2021
- 2021PLNet: Plane and Line Priors for Unsupervised Indoor Depth Estimation12 Oct 2021
50 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2021CFNet: Cascade and Fused Cost Volume for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 153
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 65
- 2022DeepLSD: Line Segment Detection and Refinement with Deep Image Gradientscited by 58
- 20233D Line Mapping Revisitedcited by 39
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Featurescited by 31
- 2022Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsing: From Supervised to Self-Supervised Learningcited by 26
- 2021ELSED: Enhanced Line SEgment Drawingcited by 23
- 2023Digging Into Uncertainty-based Pseudo-label for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 22
- 2021ManhattanSLAM: Robust Planar Tracking and Mapping Leveraging Mixture of Manhattan Framescited by 17
- 2022Structure PLP-SLAM: Efficient Sparse Mapping and Localization using Point, Line and Plane for Monocular, RGB-D and Stereo Camerascited by 16
- 2021Line as a Visual Sentence: Context-aware Line Descriptor for Visual Localizationcited by 14
- 2021Pose Refinement with Joint Optimization of Visual Points and Linescited by 14
12 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026NSFlow: End-to-End Differentiable Neuro-Symbolic Optical Flow for Visual Odometry5 Sep 2026
- 2026SweepLSD: A One-Pass, O(width)-Memory Line Segment Detector with an Integer-Only Streaming Core and a Real-Time FPGA Realization22 Aug 2026
- 2026Unified and Efficient Point-Line Local Features20 Aug 2026
- 2026HOME: Robust Hough-space Matching Method for Structured and Textureless Videos28 Jul 2026
- 2026OTPL-VIO: Robust Visual-Inertial Odometry with Optimal Transport Line Association and Adaptive Uncertainty10 Mar 2026
- 2026RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstruction20 Feb 2026
- 2026POPL-KF: A Pose-Only Geometric Representation-Based Kalman Filter for Point-Line-Based Visual-Inertial Odometry6 Feb 2026
- 2026Line-based Event Preprocessing: Towards Low-Energy Neuromorphic Computer Vision10 Jan 2026
- 2025ACE-SLAM: Scene Coordinate Regression for Neural Implicit Real-Time SLAM16 Dec 2025
- 2025LightGlueStick: a Fast and Robust Glue for Joint Point-Line Matching18 Oct 2025
- 2025Aligned Anchor Groups Guided Line Segment Detector31 Aug 2025
- 2025Registration beyond Points: General Affine Subspace Alignment via Geodesic Distance on Grassmann Manifold24 Jul 2025
12 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)