mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Line Segment Detection Using Transformers without Edges

arXiv 2101.01909 ↗First posted 6 Jan 2021cs.CVcited by 73

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we present a joint end-to-end line segment detection algorithm using Transformers that is post-processing and heuristics-guided intermediate processing (edge/junction/region detection) free. Our method, named LinE segment TRansformers (LETR), takes advantages of having integrated tokenized queries, a self-attention mechanism, and an encoding-decoding strategy within Transformers by skipping standard heuristic designs for the edge element detection and perceptual grouping processes. We equip Transformers with a multi-scale encoder/decoder strategy to perform fine-grained line segment detection under a direct endpoint distance loss. This loss term is particularly suitable for detecting geometric structures such as line segments that are not conveniently represented by the standard bounding box representations. The Transformers learn to gradually refine line segments through layers of self-attention. In our experiments, we show state-of-the-art results on Wireframe and YorkUrban benchmarks.

Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Jan 2021.

Builds on

17 of 38 references.

References · 17

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  3. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  4. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,608
  5. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
  6. 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,414
  7. 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,859
  8. 2017Non-local Neural Networkscited by 2,293
  9. 2018Dual Attention Network for Scene Segmentationcited by 1,003
  10. 2018Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 809
  11. 2015Holistically-Nested Edge Detectioncited by 592
  12. 2014Deeply-Supervised Netscited by 367
5 more
  1. 2019End-to-End Wireframe Parsingcited by 72
  2. 2020Learning to Parse Wireframes in Images of Man-Made Environmentscited by 71
  3. 2020Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsingcited by 64
  4. 2018Learning Attraction Field Representation for Robust Line Segment Detectioncited by 52
  5. 2019PPGNet: Learning Point-Pair Graph for Line Segment Detectioncited by 39

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 15; 2023: 12; 2024: 17; 2025: 9; 2026: 8.

73 papers.

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  1. 2021Conditional DETR for Fast Training Convergencecited by 424
  2. 2022VectorMapNet: End-to-end Vectorized HD Map Learningcited by 245
  3. 2022DETRs with Hybrid Matchingcited by 150
  4. 2022Text Spotting Transformerscited by 70
  5. 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 66
  6. 2022DeepLSD: Line Segment Detection and Refinement with Deep Image Gradientscited by 60
  7. 2024CRS-Diff: Controllable Remote Sensing Image Generation with Diffusion Modelcited by 55
  8. 2022Connecting the Dots: Floorplan Reconstruction Using Two-Level Queriescited by 49
  9. 2021TriTransNet: RGB-D Salient Object Detection with a Triplet Transformer Embedding Networkcited by 45
  10. 20233D Line Mapping Revisitedcited by 39
  11. 2023PolyDiffuse: Polygonal Shape Reconstruction via Guided Set Diffusion Modelscited by 38
  12. 2021Towards Light-weight and Real-time Line Segment Detectioncited by 33
38 more
  1. 2021PlaneTR: Structure-Guided Transformers for 3D Plane Recoverycited by 33
  2. 2021CTRL-C: Camera calibration TRansformer with Line-Classificationcited by 33
  3. 2021Visual Relationship Detection Using Part-and-Sum Transformers with Composite Queriescited by 31
  4. 2021HEAT: Holistic Edge Attention Transformer for Structured Reconstructioncited by 29
  5. 2022RNGDet: Road Network Graph Detection by Transformer in Aerial Imagescited by 26
  6. 2022Glass Segmentation with RGB-Thermal Image Pairscited by 26
  7. 2022Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsing: From Supervised to Self-Supervised Learningcited by 26
  8. 2022Laneformer: Object-aware Row-Column Transformers for Lane Detectioncited by 25
  9. 2021Fully Convolutional Line Parsingcited by 24
  10. 2022RNGDet++: Road Network Graph Detection by Transformer with Instance Segmentation and Multi-scale Features Enhancementcited by 24
  11. 2021ELSED: Enhanced Line SEgment Drawingcited by 23
  12. 2024HSIGene: A Foundation Model For Hyperspectral Image Generationcited by 22
  13. 2021ELSD: Efficient Line Segment Detector and Descriptorcited by 18
  14. 2025Vision-Language Modeling Meets Remote Sensing: Models, Datasets and Perspectivescited by 18
  15. 2023ScalableMap: Scalable Map Learning for Online Long-Range Vectorized HD Map Constructioncited by 16
  16. 2021Pose Refinement with Joint Optimization of Visual Points and Linescited by 14
  17. 2022HoW-3D: Holistic 3D Wireframe Perception from a Single Imagecited by 12
  18. 2024EdgeGaussians -- 3D Edge Mapping via Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
  19. 2022Learning to Construct 3D Building Wireframes from 3D Line Cloudscited by 9
  20. 2024PolyRoom: Room-aware Transformer for Floorplan Reconstructioncited by 9
  21. 2022Detecting Line Segments in Motion-blurred Images with Eventscited by 6
  22. 2023A Comprehensive Review of Image Line Segment Detection and Description: Taxonomies, Comparisons, and Challengescited by 6
  23. 2024FRI-Net: Floorplan Reconstruction via Room-wise Implicit Representationcited by 6
  24. 2024RoIPoly: Vectorized Building Outline Extraction Using Vertex and Logit Embeddingscited by 6
  25. 2024DT-LSD: Deformable Transformer-based Line Segment Detectioncited by 6
  26. 2021Hole-robust Wireframe Detectioncited by 5
  27. 2024P2PFormer: A Primitive-to-polygon Method for Regular Building Contour Extraction from Remote Sensing Imagescited by 5
  28. 2025ScaleLSD: Scalable Deep Line Segment Detection Streamlinedcited by 5
  29. 2024SOFI: Multi-Scale Deformable Transformer for Camera Calibration with Enhanced Line Queriescited by 3
  30. 2025LINEA: Fast and Accurate Line Detection Using Scalable Transformerscited by 3
  31. 2023Parsing Line Segments of Floor Plan Images Using Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
  32. 2024Historical Astronomical Diagrams Decomposition in Geometric Primitivescited by 2
  33. 2024Synthesizing Realistic Data for Table Recognitioncited by 2
  34. 2025TextMamba: Scene Text Detector with Mambacited by 2
  35. 2023EVOLIN Benchmark: Evaluation of Line Detection and Associationcited by 1
  36. 2023Structure Diagram Recognition in Financial Announcementscited by 1
  37. 2024MeasureNet: Measurement Based Celiac Disease Identificationcited by 1
  38. 2025Improving Transformer Based Line Segment Detection with Matched Predicting and Re-rankingcited by 1

50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)