3D Line Mapping Revisited
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Abstract (arXiv)
In contrast to sparse keypoints, a handful of line segments can concisely encode the high-level scene layout, as they often delineate the main structural elements. In addition to offering strong geometric cues, they are also omnipresent in urban landscapes and indoor scenes. Despite their apparent advantages, current line-based reconstruction methods are far behind their point-based counterparts. In this paper we aim to close the gap by introducing LIMAP, a library for 3D line mapping that robustly and efficiently creates 3D line maps from multi-view imagery. This is achieved through revisiting the degeneracy problem of line triangulation, carefully crafted scoring and track building, and exploiting structural priors such as line coincidence, parallelism, and orthogonality. Our code integrates seamlessly with existing point-based Structure-from-Motion methods and can leverage their 3D points to further improve the line reconstruction. Furthermore, as a byproduct, the method is able to recover 3D association graphs between lines and points / vanishing points (VPs). In thorough experiments, we show that LIMAP significantly outperforms existing approaches for 3D line mapping. Our robust 3D line maps also open up new research directions. We show two example applications: visual localization and bundle adjustment, where integrating lines alongside points yields the best results. Code is available at https://github.com/cvg/limap.
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 110 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2023.
Builds on
37 of 110 references.
References · 37
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2019SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1,437
- 2017SuperPoint: Self-Supervised Interest Point Detection and Descriptioncited by 1,313
- 2021LoFTR: Detector-Free Local Feature Matching with Transformerscited by 974
- 2015NetVLAD: CNN architecture for weakly supervised place recognitioncited by 935
- 2020Hypersim: A Photorealistic Synthetic Dataset for Holistic Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 593
- 2018From Coarse to Fine: Robust Hierarchical Localization at Large Scalecited by 556
- 2017Geometric Loss Functions for Camera Pose Regression with Deep Learningcited by 224
- 2020Image Matching across Wide Baselines: From Paper to Practicecited by 224
- 2021Back to the Feature: Learning Robust Camera Localization from Pixels to Posecited by 199
- 2021Pixel-Perfect Structure-from-Motion with Featuremetric Refinementcited by 199
- 2020Visual Camera Re-Localization from RGB and RGB-D Images Using DSACcited by 176
25 more
- 2020Stable View Synthesiscited by 165
- 2021Line Segment Detection Using Transformers without Edgescited by 73
- 2020Learning to Parse Wireframes in Images of Man-Made Environmentscited by 71
- 2019Revealing Scenes by Inverting Structure from Motion Reconstructionscited by 66
- 2020Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsingcited by 63
- 2017PL-SLAM: a Stereo SLAM System through the Combination of Points and Line Segmentscited by 58
- 2022DeepLSD: Line Segment Detection and Refinement with Deep Image Gradientscited by 58
- 2018Learning Attraction Field Representation for Robust Line Segment Detectioncited by 52
- 2021SOLD2: Self-supervised Occlusion-aware Line Description and Detectioncited by 45
- 2019PPGNet: Learning Point-Pair Graph for Line Segment Detectioncited by 39
- 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Manhattan Wireframes from a Single Imagecited by 35
- 2020TP-LSD: Tri-Points Based Line Segment Detectorcited by 31
- 2020Multi-View Optimization of Local Feature Geometrycited by 24
- 2017Robust Visual SLAM with Point and Line Featurescited by 23
- 2021UV-SLAM: Unconstrained Line-based SLAM Using Vanishing Points for Structural Mappingcited by 23
- 2020LGNN: A Context-aware Line Segment Detectorcited by 15
- 2021Line as a Visual Sentence: Context-aware Line Descriptor for Visual Localizationcited by 14
- 2021Intuitive and Efficient Roof Modeling for Reconstruction and Synthesiscited by 14
- 2021Pose Refinement with Joint Optimization of Visual Points and Linescited by 14
- 2021Avoiding Degeneracy for Monocular Visual SLAM with Point and Line Featurescited by 13
- 2019CvxPnPL: A Unified Convex Solution to the Absolute Pose Estimation Problem from Point and Line Correspondencescited by 12
- 2020Reducing Drift in Structure From Motion Using Extended Featurescited by 10
- 2022Learning to Construct 3D Building Wireframes from 3D Line Cloudscited by 9
- 2022A Reliable Online Method for Joint Estimation of Focal Length and Camera Rotationcited by 5
- 2018Novel Single View Constraints for Manhattan 3D Line Reconstructioncited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 16; 2025: 8; 2026: 12.
39 papers.
Sort:
- 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 100
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 65
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Featurescited by 31
- 2025Sketch and Patch: Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Man-Made Scenescited by 20
- 2024PlanarSplatting: Accurate Planar Surface Reconstruction in 3 Minutescited by 13
- 2023NEAT: Distilling 3D Wireframes from Neural Attraction Fieldscited by 12
- 20243D Neural Edge Reconstructioncited by 12
- 2024Fully Geometric Panoramic Localizationcited by 11
- 2024EdgeGaussians -- 3D Edge Mapping via Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
- 2025Ov3R: Open-Vocabulary Semantic 3D Reconstruction from RGB Videoscited by 10
- 2025Curve-Aware Gaussian Splatting for 3D Parametric Curve Reconstructioncited by 9
- 2024SG-NeRF: Neural Surface Reconstruction with Scene Graph Optimizationcited by 5
27 more
- 2025SketchSplat: 3D Edge Reconstruction via Differentiable Multi-view Sketch Splattingcited by 5
- 2025ScaleLSD: Scalable Deep Line Segment Detection Streamlinedcited by 5
- 2023PLVS: A SLAM System with Points, Lines, Volumetric Mapping, and 3D Incremental Segmentationcited by 3
- 2024Representing 3D sparse map points and lines for camera relocalizationcited by 3
- 2024An Accurate and Real-time Relative Pose Estimation from Triple Point-line Images by Decoupling Rotation and Translationcited by 3
- 2024Tensor-Based Synchronization and the Low-Rankness of the Block Trifocal Tensorcited by 3
- 2024RSL-BA: Rolling Shutter Line Bundle Adjustmentcited by 2
- 2024LineGS : 3D Line Segment Representation on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
- 2025LightGlueStick: a Fast and Robust Glue for Joint Point-Line Matchingcited by 2
- 2024Efficient Solution of Point-Line Absolute Posecited by 1
- 2024FaVoR: Features via Voxel Rendering for Camera Relocalizationcited by 1
- 2025Registration beyond Points: General Affine Subspace Alignment via Geodesic Distance on Grassmann Manifoldcited by 1
- 2026Interacted Planes Reveal 3D Line Mappingcited by 1
- 2026PAWS: Perception of Articulation in the Wild at Scale from Egocentric Videoscited by 1
- 2024LapisGS: Layered Progressive 3D Gaussian Splatting for Adaptive Streamingcited by 0
- 2024Robust SG-NeRF: Robust Scene Graph Aided Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2025Improved 3D Point-Line Mapping Regression for Camera Relocalizationcited by 0
- 2026Detecting 3D Line Segments for 6DoF Pose Estimation with Limited Datacited by 0
- 2026RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026QuadSync: Quadrifocal Tensor Synchronization via Tucker Decompositioncited by 0
- 2026PlanaReLoc: Camera Relocalization in 3D Planar Primitives via Region-Based Structure Matchingcited by 0
- 2026SAVMap: Structure-Aided Visual Mapping of Large-Scale 2.5D Manhattan Wireframes from Panoramic Videocited by 0
- 2026PixVOD: Pixel-Distributed Direct Visual Odometry and Depth Estimationcited by 0
- 2026EPO: Boosting 3D Foundation Models with Edge-based Pose Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026MAGiSt3R: Multi-Agent Feed-forward 3D Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 0
- 2026Unified and Efficient Point-Line Local Featurescited by 0
- 2026Stable and Scalable Bundle Adjustment of Holistic 3D Structurescited by 0
- 2026Stable and Scalable Bundle Adjustment of Holistic 3D Structures3 Sep 2026
- 2026Unified and Efficient Point-Line Local Features20 Aug 2026
- 2026MAGiSt3R: Multi-Agent Feed-forward 3D Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videos16 Jul 2026
- 2026EPO: Boosting 3D Foundation Models with Edge-based Pose Optimization1 Jul 2026
- 2026PixVOD: Pixel-Distributed Direct Visual Odometry and Depth Estimation2 Jun 2026
- 2026SAVMap: Structure-Aided Visual Mapping of Large-Scale 2.5D Manhattan Wireframes from Panoramic Video1 Jun 2026
- 2026PAWS: Perception of Articulation in the Wild at Scale from Egocentric Videos26 Mar 2026
- 2026PlanaReLoc: Camera Relocalization in 3D Planar Primitives via Region-Based Structure Matching21 Mar 2026
- 2026QuadSync: Quadrifocal Tensor Synchronization via Tucker Decomposition26 Feb 2026
- 2026RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstruction20 Feb 2026
- 2026Interacted Planes Reveal 3D Line Mapping1 Feb 2026
- 2026Detecting 3D Line Segments for 6DoF Pose Estimation with Limited Data17 Jan 2026
27 more
- 2025LightGlueStick: a Fast and Robust Glue for Joint Point-Line Matching18 Oct 2025
- 2025Ov3R: Open-Vocabulary Semantic 3D Reconstruction from RGB Videos29 Jul 2025
- 2025Registration beyond Points: General Affine Subspace Alignment via Geodesic Distance on Grassmann Manifold24 Jul 2025
- 2025Curve-Aware Gaussian Splatting for 3D Parametric Curve Reconstruction26 Jun 2025
- 2025ScaleLSD: Scalable Deep Line Segment Detection Streamlined11 Jun 2025
- 2025SketchSplat: 3D Edge Reconstruction via Differentiable Multi-view Sketch Splatting18 Mar 2025
- 2025Improved 3D Point-Line Mapping Regression for Camera Relocalization28 Feb 2025
- 2025Sketch and Patch: Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Man-Made Scenes22 Jan 2025
- 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videos12 Dec 2024
- 2024PlanarSplatting: Accurate Planar Surface Reconstruction in 3 Minutes4 Dec 2024
- 2024LineGS : 3D Line Segment Representation on 3D Gaussian Splatting30 Nov 2024
- 2024Robust SG-NeRF: Robust Scene Graph Aided Neural Surface Reconstruction20 Nov 2024
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Features29 Sep 2024
- 2024EdgeGaussians -- 3D Edge Mapping via Gaussian Splatting19 Sep 2024
- 2024Tensor-Based Synchronization and the Low-Rankness of the Block Trifocal Tensor14 Sep 2024
- 2024FaVoR: Features via Voxel Rendering for Camera Relocalization11 Sep 2024
- 2024LapisGS: Layered Progressive 3D Gaussian Splatting for Adaptive Streaming27 Aug 2024
- 2024RSL-BA: Rolling Shutter Line Bundle Adjustment10 Aug 2024
- 2024SG-NeRF: Neural Surface Reconstruction with Scene Graph Optimization17 Jul 2024
- 20243D Neural Edge Reconstruction29 May 2024
- 2024Efficient Solution of Point-Line Absolute Pose25 Apr 2024
- 2024Fully Geometric Panoramic Localization29 Mar 2024
- 2024An Accurate and Real-time Relative Pose Estimation from Triple Point-line Images by Decoupling Rotation and Translation18 Mar 2024
- 2024Representing 3D sparse map points and lines for camera relocalization28 Feb 2024
- 2023PLVS: A SLAM System with Points, Lines, Volumetric Mapping, and 3D Incremental Segmentation19 Sep 2023
- 2023NEAT: Distilling 3D Wireframes from Neural Attraction Fields14 Jul 2023
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Together4 Apr 2023
- 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 100
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 65
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Featurescited by 31
- 2025Sketch and Patch: Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Man-Made Scenescited by 20
- 2024PlanarSplatting: Accurate Planar Surface Reconstruction in 3 Minutescited by 13
- 2023NEAT: Distilling 3D Wireframes from Neural Attraction Fieldscited by 12
- 20243D Neural Edge Reconstructioncited by 12
- 2024Fully Geometric Panoramic Localizationcited by 11
- 2024EdgeGaussians -- 3D Edge Mapping via Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
- 2025Ov3R: Open-Vocabulary Semantic 3D Reconstruction from RGB Videoscited by 10
- 2025Curve-Aware Gaussian Splatting for 3D Parametric Curve Reconstructioncited by 9
- 2024SG-NeRF: Neural Surface Reconstruction with Scene Graph Optimizationcited by 5
12 most cited of 39 All 39 (JSON)
- 2026Stable and Scalable Bundle Adjustment of Holistic 3D Structures3 Sep 2026
- 2026Unified and Efficient Point-Line Local Features20 Aug 2026
- 2026MAGiSt3R: Multi-Agent Feed-forward 3D Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videos16 Jul 2026
- 2026EPO: Boosting 3D Foundation Models with Edge-based Pose Optimization1 Jul 2026
- 2026PixVOD: Pixel-Distributed Direct Visual Odometry and Depth Estimation2 Jun 2026
- 2026SAVMap: Structure-Aided Visual Mapping of Large-Scale 2.5D Manhattan Wireframes from Panoramic Video1 Jun 2026
- 2026PAWS: Perception of Articulation in the Wild at Scale from Egocentric Videos26 Mar 2026
- 2026PlanaReLoc: Camera Relocalization in 3D Planar Primitives via Region-Based Structure Matching21 Mar 2026
- 2026QuadSync: Quadrifocal Tensor Synchronization via Tucker Decomposition26 Feb 2026
- 2026RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstruction20 Feb 2026
- 2026Interacted Planes Reveal 3D Line Mapping1 Feb 2026
- 2026Detecting 3D Line Segments for 6DoF Pose Estimation with Limited Data17 Jan 2026
12 newest of 39 All 39 (JSON)