End-to-End Wireframe Parsing
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a conceptually simple yet effective algorithm to detect wireframes in a given image. Compared to the previous methods which first predict an intermediate heat map and then extract straight lines with heuristic algorithms, our method is end-to-end trainable and can directly output a vectorized wireframe that contains semantically meaningful and geometrically salient junctions and lines. To better understand the quality of the outputs, we propose a new metric for wireframe evaluation that penalizes overlapped line segments and incorrect line connectivities. We conduct extensive experiments and show that our method significantly outperforms the previous state-of-the-art wireframe and line extraction algorithms. We hope our simple approach can be served as a baseline for future wireframe parsing studies. Code has been made publicly available at https://github.com/zhou13/lcnn.
Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 May 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 12; 2023: 15; 2024: 7; 2025: 11; 2026: 9.
72 papers.
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- 2021Line Segment Detection Using Transformers without Edgescited by 73
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 65
- 2022DeepLSD: Line Segment Detection and Refinement with Deep Image Gradientscited by 58
- 2021SOLD2: Self-supervised Occlusion-aware Line Description and Detectioncited by 45
- 2021PC2WF: 3D Wireframe Reconstruction from Raw Point Cloudscited by 33
- 2021Towards Light-weight and Real-time Line Segment Detectioncited by 33
- 2021PlaneTR: Structure-Guided Transformers for 3D Plane Recoverycited by 33
- 2021HEAT: Holistic Edge Attention Transformer for Structured Reconstructioncited by 29
- 2022Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsing: From Supervised to Self-Supervised Learningcited by 26
- 2021Learning a Sketch Tensor Space for Image Inpainting of Man-made Scenescited by 25
- 2021Fully Convolutional Line Parsingcited by 24
- 2021ELSED: Enhanced Line SEgment Drawingcited by 23
38 more
- 2023Anti-Aliased Neural Implicit Surfaces with Encoding Level of Detailcited by 23
- 2022ZITS++: Image Inpainting by Improving the Incremental Transformer on Structural Priorscited by 21
- 2022Plane Geometry Diagram Parsingcited by 20
- 2021ELSD: Efficient Line Segment Detector and Descriptorcited by 18
- 2021Pose Refinement with Joint Optimization of Visual Points and Linescited by 14
- 2022HoW-3D: Holistic 3D Wireframe Perception from a Single Imagecited by 12
- 2023NEAT: Distilling 3D Wireframes from Neural Attraction Fieldscited by 12
- 2022LSDNet: Trainable Modification of LSD Algorithm for Real-Time Line Segment Detectioncited by 10
- 2022Learning to Construct 3D Building Wireframes from 3D Line Cloudscited by 9
- 2024Generating 3D House Wireframes with Semanticscited by 8
- 2021Learning to Reconstruct 3D Non-Cuboid Room Layout from a Single RGB Imagecited by 7
- 2022PLGAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Power-Line Segmentation in Aerial Imagescited by 7
- 2025CLR-Wire: Towards Continuous Latent Representations for 3D Curve Wireframe Generationcited by 7
- 2021Structured Outdoor Architecture Reconstruction by Exploration and Classificationcited by 6
- 2022Detecting Line Segments in Motion-blurred Images with Eventscited by 6
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of Image Line Segment Detection and Description: Taxonomies, Comparisons, and Challengescited by 6
- 2023Polygon Detection for Room Layout Estimation using Heterogeneous Graphs and Wireframescited by 6
- 2024DT-LSD: Deformable Transformer-based Line Segment Detectioncited by 6
- 2021Hole-robust Wireframe Detectioncited by 5
- 2025ScaleLSD: Scalable Deep Line Segment Detection Streamlinedcited by 5
- 2021YOLinO: Generic Single Shot Polyline Detection in Real Timecited by 4
- 20213D Parametric Wireframe Extraction Based on Distance Fieldscited by 4
- 2022Semantic Line Detection Using Mirror Attention and Comparative Ranking and Matchingcited by 4
- 2022Semantic Room Wireframe Detection from a Single Viewcited by 4
- 2026FloorplanVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Floorplan Vectorizationcited by 4
- 2021Harmonious Semantic Line Detection via Maximal Weight Clique Selectioncited by 3
- 2025Unposed Sparse Views Room Layout Reconstruction in the Age of Pretrain Modelcited by 3
- 2025Explaining Human Preferences via Metrics for Structured 3D Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2023Parsing Line Segments of Floor Plan Images Using Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2025Axis-level Symmetry Detection with Group-Equivariant Representationcited by 2
- 2025Lattice-allocated Real-time Line Segment Feature Detection and Tracking Using Only an Event-based Cameracited by 2
- 2021FloorPP-Net: Reconstructing Floor Plans using Point Pillars for Scan-to-BIMcited by 1
- 2023PL-UNeXt: Per-stage Edge Detail and Line Feature Guided Segmentation for Power Line Detectioncited by 1
- 2023EVOLIN Benchmark: Evaluation of Line Detection and Associationcited by 1
- 2023Level-line Guided Edge Drawing for Robust Line Segment Detectioncited by 1
- 2023Optimized Vectorizing of Building Structures with Switch: High-Efficiency Convolutional Channel-Switch Hybridization Strategycited by 1
- 2024Markers Identification for Relative Pose Estimation of an Uncooperative Targetcited by 1
- 2025Improving Transformer Based Line Segment Detection with Matched Predicting and Re-rankingcited by 1
50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026An Event Preserving Velocity Invariant Representation for Event Cameras17 Sep 2026
- 2026SweepLSD: A One-Pass, O(width)-Memory Line Segment Detector with an Integer-Only Streaming Core and a Real-Time FPGA Realization22 Aug 2026
- 2026Unified and Efficient Point-Line Local Features20 Aug 2026
- 2026NPLSD: Accelerating Line-Segment Detection on NPU Microcontrollers12 Aug 2026
- 2026MiLSD: A Micro Line-Segment Detector for Resource-Constrained Devices7 Jul 2026
- 2026Streaming Neural Speech Codecs through Time-Invariant Representations6 Jul 2026
- 2026RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstruction20 Feb 2026
- 2026FloorplanVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Floorplan Vectorization6 Feb 2026
- 2026Co-PLNet: A Collaborative Point-Line Network for Prompt-Guided Wireframe Parsing26 Jan 2026
- 2025Lattice-allocated Real-time Line Segment Feature Detection and Tracking Using Only an Event-based Camera8 Oct 2025
- 2025Aligned Anchor Groups Guided Line Segment Detector31 Aug 2025
- 2025Adaptive Dual-Constrained Line Aggregation for Cross-Paradigm Line Segment Detection27 Aug 2025
38 more
- 2025Axis-level Symmetry Detection with Group-Equivariant Representation14 Aug 2025
- 2025Adaptive Relative Pose Estimation Framework with Dual Noise Tuning for Safe Approaching Maneuvers22 Jul 2025
- 2025ScaleLSD: Scalable Deep Line Segment Detection Streamlined11 Jun 2025
- 2025CLR-Wire: Towards Continuous Latent Representations for 3D Curve Wireframe Generation27 Apr 2025
- 2025Ev-Layout: A Large-scale Event-based Multi-modal Dataset for Indoor Layout Estimation and Tracking11 Mar 2025
- 2025Explaining Human Preferences via Metrics for Structured 3D Reconstruction11 Mar 2025
- 2025Improving Transformer Based Line Segment Detection with Matched Predicting and Re-ranking25 Feb 2025
- 2025Unposed Sparse Views Room Layout Reconstruction in the Age of Pretrain Model24 Feb 2025
- 2024DT-LSD: Deformable Transformer-based Line Segment Detection20 Nov 2024
- 2024The Impact of Semi-Supervised Learning on Line Segment Detection7 Nov 2024
- 2024Markers Identification for Relative Pose Estimation of an Uncooperative Target30 Jul 2024
- 2024Generating 3D House Wireframes with Semantics17 Jul 2024
- 2024Learning Multiple Representations with Inconsistency-Guided Detail Regularization for Mask-Guided Matting28 Mar 2024
- 2024Evaluating Panoramic 3D Estimation in Indoor Lighting Analysis21 Mar 2024
- 2024Enhancing Surveillance Camera FOV Quality via Semantic Line Detection and Classification with Deep Hough Transform17 Jan 2024
- 2023A-Scan2BIM: Assistive Scan to Building Information Modeling30 Nov 2023
- 2023Anti-Aliased Neural Implicit Surfaces with Encoding Level of Detail19 Sep 2023
- 2023Holistic Geometric Feature Learning for Structured Reconstruction18 Sep 2023
- 2023StairNetV3: Depth-aware Stair Modeling using Deep Learning13 Aug 2023
- 2023NEAT: Distilling 3D Wireframes from Neural Attraction Fields14 Jul 2023
- 2023Optimized Vectorizing of Building Structures with Switch: High-Efficiency Convolutional Channel-Switch Hybridization Strategy26 Jun 2023
- 2023Polygon Detection for Room Layout Estimation using Heterogeneous Graphs and Wireframes21 Jun 2023
- 2023Linear Object Detection in Document Images using Multiple Object Tracking26 May 2023
- 2023Level-line Guided Edge Drawing for Robust Line Segment Detection10 May 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Review of Image Line Segment Detection and Description: Taxonomies, Comparisons, and Challenges29 Apr 2023
- 2023CornerFormer: Boosting Corner Representation for Fine-Grained Structured Reconstruction14 Apr 2023
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Together4 Apr 2023
- 2023EVOLIN Benchmark: Evaluation of Line Detection and Association9 Mar 2023
- 2023PL-UNeXt: Per-stage Edge Detail and Line Feature Guided Segmentation for Power Line Detection8 Mar 2023
- 2023Parsing Line Segments of Floor Plan Images Using Graph Neural Networks7 Mar 2023
- 2022DeepLSD: Line Segment Detection and Refinement with Deep Image Gradients15 Dec 2022
- 2022Detecting Line Segments in Motion-blurred Images with Events14 Nov 2022
- 2022Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsing: From Supervised to Self-Supervised Learning24 Oct 2022
- 2022ZITS++: Image Inpainting by Improving the Incremental Transformer on Structural Priors12 Oct 2022
- 2022LSDNet: Trainable Modification of LSD Algorithm for Real-Time Line Segment Detection10 Sep 2022
- 2022Learning to Construct 3D Building Wireframes from 3D Line Clouds25 Aug 2022
- 2022HoW-3D: Holistic 3D Wireframe Perception from a Single Image15 Aug 2022
- 2022Primitive Graph Learning for Unified Vector Mapping28 Jun 2022
50 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2021Line Segment Detection Using Transformers without Edgescited by 73
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 65
- 2022DeepLSD: Line Segment Detection and Refinement with Deep Image Gradientscited by 58
- 2021SOLD2: Self-supervised Occlusion-aware Line Description and Detectioncited by 45
- 2021PC2WF: 3D Wireframe Reconstruction from Raw Point Cloudscited by 33
- 2021Towards Light-weight and Real-time Line Segment Detectioncited by 33
- 2021PlaneTR: Structure-Guided Transformers for 3D Plane Recoverycited by 33
- 2021HEAT: Holistic Edge Attention Transformer for Structured Reconstructioncited by 29
- 2022Holistically-Attracted Wireframe Parsing: From Supervised to Self-Supervised Learningcited by 26
- 2021Learning a Sketch Tensor Space for Image Inpainting of Man-made Scenescited by 25
- 2021Fully Convolutional Line Parsingcited by 24
- 2021ELSED: Enhanced Line SEgment Drawingcited by 23
12 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026An Event Preserving Velocity Invariant Representation for Event Cameras17 Sep 2026
- 2026SweepLSD: A One-Pass, O(width)-Memory Line Segment Detector with an Integer-Only Streaming Core and a Real-Time FPGA Realization22 Aug 2026
- 2026Unified and Efficient Point-Line Local Features20 Aug 2026
- 2026NPLSD: Accelerating Line-Segment Detection on NPU Microcontrollers12 Aug 2026
- 2026MiLSD: A Micro Line-Segment Detector for Resource-Constrained Devices7 Jul 2026
- 2026Streaming Neural Speech Codecs through Time-Invariant Representations6 Jul 2026
- 2026RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstruction20 Feb 2026
- 2026FloorplanVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Floorplan Vectorization6 Feb 2026
- 2026Co-PLNet: A Collaborative Point-Line Network for Prompt-Guided Wireframe Parsing26 Jan 2026
- 2025Lattice-allocated Real-time Line Segment Feature Detection and Tracking Using Only an Event-based Camera8 Oct 2025
- 2025Aligned Anchor Groups Guided Line Segment Detector31 Aug 2025
- 2025Adaptive Dual-Constrained Line Aggregation for Cross-Paradigm Line Segment Detection27 Aug 2025
12 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)