Ref-NPR: Reference-Based Non-Photorealistic Radiance Fields for Controllable Scene Stylization
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Abstract (arXiv)
Current 3D scene stylization methods transfer textures and colors as styles using arbitrary style references, lacking meaningful semantic correspondences. We introduce Reference-Based Non-Photorealistic Radiance Fields (Ref-NPR) to address this limitation. This controllable method stylizes a 3D scene using radiance fields with a single stylized 2D view as a reference. We propose a ray registration process based on the stylized reference view to obtain pseudo-ray supervision in novel views. Then we exploit semantic correspondences in content images to fill occluded regions with perceptually similar styles, resulting in non-photorealistic and continuous novel view sequences. Our experimental results demonstrate that Ref-NPR outperforms existing scene and video stylization methods regarding visual quality and semantic correspondence. The code and data are publicly available on the project page at https://ref-npr.github.io.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2022.
Builds on
33 of 51 references.
References · 33
- 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
- 2015ShapeNet: An Information-Rich 3D Model Repositorycited by 2,880
- 2016Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolutioncited by 2,678
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
- 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
- 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 857
- 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 732
- 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
- 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
21 more
- 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
- 2021CLIP-NeRF: Text-and-Image Driven Manipulation of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 369
- 2017Universal Style Transfer via Feature Transformscited by 352
- 2019Texture Fields: Learning Texture Representations in Function Spacecited by 210
- 2022SinNeRF: Training Neural Radiance Fields on Complex Scenes from a Single Imagecited by 165
- 2022ARF: Artistic Radiance Fieldscited by 147
- 2022StylizedNeRF: Consistent 3D Scene Stylization as Stylized NeRF via 2D-3D Mutual Learningcited by 140
- 2018A Closed-form Solution to Photorealistic Image Stylizationcited by 133
- 2017Visual Attribute Transfer through Deep Image Analogycited by 123
- 2021Stylizing 3D Scene via Implicit Representation and HyperNetworkcited by 103
- 2017Coherent Online Video Style Transfercited by 96
- 2016Fast Patch-based Style Transfer of Arbitrary Stylecited by 92
- 2020Arbitrary Video Style Transfer via Multi-Channel Correlationcited by 84
- 2021Learning to Stylize Novel Viewscited by 76
- 2022Unified Implicit Neural Stylizationcited by 67
- 2022CCPL: Contrastive Coherence Preserving Loss for Versatile Style Transfercited by 46
- 2017Artistic style transfer for videos and spherical imagescited by 45
- 2020Interactive Video Stylization Using Few-Shot Patch-Based Trainingcited by 43
- 2022SNeRF: Stylized Neural Implicit Representations for 3D Scenescited by 26
- 2022Neural Neighbor Style Transfercited by 23
- 2018StyleBlit: Fast Example-Based Stylization with Local Guidancecited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 8; 2024: 12; 2025: 12; 2026: 3.
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- 2024InFusion: Inpainting 3D Gaussians via Learning Depth Completion from Diffusion Priorcited by 55
- 2023Real-World Image Variation by Aligning Diffusion Inversion Chaincited by 37
- 2024StylizedGS: Controllable Stylization for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 23
- 20243Doodle: Compact Abstraction of Objects with 3D Strokescited by 21
- 2024Geometry Transfer for Stylizing Radiance Fieldscited by 16
- 2024Gaussian Splatting in Stylecited by 16
- 2024Reference-based Controllable Scene Stylization with Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
- 2023Advances in 3D Neural Stylization: A Surveycited by 8
- 2025ABC-GS: Alignment-Based Controllable Style Transfer for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 7
- 2023ARF-Plus: Controlling Perceptual Factors in Artistic Radiance Fields for 3D Scene Stylizationcited by 6
- 2025StyleMe3D: Stylization with Disentangled Priors by Multiple Encoders on 3D Gaussianscited by 6
- 2023ChromaDistill: Colorizing Monochrome Radiance Fields with Knowledge Distillationcited by 5
23 more
- 2023LAENeRF: Local Appearance Editing for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 5
- 2024ConRF: Zero-shot Stylization of 3D Scenes with Conditioned Radiation Fieldscited by 5
- 2025MS-GS: Multi-Appearance Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 5
- 2023Learning Naturally Aggregated Appearance for Efficient 3D Editingcited by 4
- 2025Multi-StyleGS: Stylizing Gaussian Splatting with Multiple Stylescited by 4
- 2023S2RF: Semantically Stylized Radiance Fieldscited by 3
- 2024S-DyRF: Reference-Based Stylized Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 3
- 2024WaSt-3D: Wasserstein-2 Distance for Scene-to-Scene Stylization on 3D Gaussianscited by 3
- 2025GT2-GS: Geometry-aware Texture Transfer for Gaussian Splattingcited by 3
- 2025FantasyStyle: Controllable Stylized Distillation for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 3
- 2025Voxify3D: Pixel Art Meets Volumetric Renderingcited by 3
- 2023A General Implicit Framework for Fast NeRF Composition and Renderingcited by 2
- 2024StyleCity: Large-Scale 3D Urban Scenes Stylizationcited by 2
- 2024MomentsNeRF: Leveraging Orthogonal Moments for Few-Shot Neural Renderingcited by 2
- 2025Color3D: Controllable and Consistent 3D Colorization with Personalized Colorizercited by 2
- 2025Empowering Vector Graphics with Consistently Arbitrary Viewing and View-dependent Visibilitycited by 1
- 2025Improved 3D Scene Stylization via Text-Guided Generative Image Editing with Region-Based Controlcited by 1
- 2024ArCSEM: Artistic Colorization of SEM Images via Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2025GAS-NeRF: Geometry-Aware Stylization of Dynamic Radiance Fieldscited by 0
- 2025Multi-level Dynamic Style Transfer for NeRFscited by 0
- 2026Image-Guided Geometric Stylization of 3D Meshescited by 0
- 2026NeuMesh++: Towards Versatile and Efficient Volumetric Editing with Disentangled Neural Mesh-based Implicit Fieldcited by 0
- 2026Geometry-Aware Style Transfer in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Geometry-Aware Style Transfer in 3D Gaussian Splatting23 Jun 2026
- 2026NeuMesh++: Towards Versatile and Efficient Volumetric Editing with Disentangled Neural Mesh-based Implicit Field17 Jun 2026
- 2026Image-Guided Geometric Stylization of 3D Meshes9 Apr 2026
- 2025Voxify3D: Pixel Art Meets Volumetric Rendering8 Dec 2025
- 2025Color3D: Controllable and Consistent 3D Colorization with Personalized Colorizer11 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-level Dynamic Style Transfer for NeRFs1 Oct 2025
- 2025MS-GS: Multi-Appearance Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wild19 Sep 2025
- 2025Improved 3D Scene Stylization via Text-Guided Generative Image Editing with Region-Based Control4 Sep 2025
- 2025FantasyStyle: Controllable Stylized Distillation for 3D Gaussian Splatting11 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-StyleGS: Stylizing Gaussian Splatting with Multiple Styles7 Jun 2025
- 2025Empowering Vector Graphics with Consistently Arbitrary Viewing and View-dependent Visibility27 May 2025
- 2025GT2-GS: Geometry-aware Texture Transfer for Gaussian Splatting21 May 2025
23 more
- 2025StyleMe3D: Stylization with Disentangled Priors by Multiple Encoders on 3D Gaussians21 Apr 2025
- 2025ABC-GS: Alignment-Based Controllable Style Transfer for 3D Gaussian Splatting28 Mar 2025
- 2025GAS-NeRF: Geometry-Aware Stylization of Dynamic Radiance Fields11 Mar 2025
- 2024ArCSEM: Artistic Colorization of SEM Images via Gaussian Splatting25 Oct 2024
- 2024WaSt-3D: Wasserstein-2 Distance for Scene-to-Scene Stylization on 3D Gaussians26 Sep 2024
- 2024Reference-based Controllable Scene Stylization with Gaussian Splatting9 Jul 2024
- 2024MomentsNeRF: Leveraging Orthogonal Moments for Few-Shot Neural Rendering2 Jul 2024
- 2024InFusion: Inpainting 3D Gaussians via Learning Depth Completion from Diffusion Prior17 Apr 2024
- 2024StyleCity: Large-Scale 3D Urban Scenes Stylization16 Apr 2024
- 2024StylizedGS: Controllable Stylization for 3D Gaussian Splatting8 Apr 2024
- 2024Gaussian Splatting in Style13 Mar 2024
- 2024S-DyRF: Reference-Based Stylized Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenes10 Mar 2024
- 20243Doodle: Compact Abstraction of Objects with 3D Strokes6 Feb 2024
- 2024ConRF: Zero-shot Stylization of 3D Scenes with Conditioned Radiation Fields2 Feb 2024
- 2024Geometry Transfer for Stylizing Radiance Fields1 Feb 2024
- 2023LAENeRF: Local Appearance Editing for Neural Radiance Fields15 Dec 2023
- 2023Learning Naturally Aggregated Appearance for Efficient 3D Editing11 Dec 2023
- 2023Advances in 3D Neural Stylization: A Survey30 Nov 2023
- 2023ChromaDistill: Colorizing Monochrome Radiance Fields with Knowledge Distillation14 Sep 2023
- 2023S2RF: Semantically Stylized Radiance Fields3 Sep 2023
- 2023ARF-Plus: Controlling Perceptual Factors in Artistic Radiance Fields for 3D Scene Stylization23 Aug 2023
- 2023A General Implicit Framework for Fast NeRF Composition and Rendering9 Aug 2023
- 2023Real-World Image Variation by Aligning Diffusion Inversion Chain30 May 2023
- 2024StylizedGS: Controllable Stylization for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 23
- 20243Doodle: Compact Abstraction of Objects with 3D Strokescited by 21
- 2024Geometry Transfer for Stylizing Radiance Fieldscited by 16
- 2024Gaussian Splatting in Stylecited by 16
- 2024Reference-based Controllable Scene Stylization with Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
- 2023Advances in 3D Neural Stylization: A Surveycited by 8
- 2025ABC-GS: Alignment-Based Controllable Style Transfer for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 7
- 2023ARF-Plus: Controlling Perceptual Factors in Artistic Radiance Fields for 3D Scene Stylizationcited by 6
- 2025StyleMe3D: Stylization with Disentangled Priors by Multiple Encoders on 3D Gaussianscited by 6
- 2023ChromaDistill: Colorizing Monochrome Radiance Fields with Knowledge Distillationcited by 5
- 2023LAENeRF: Local Appearance Editing for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 5
- 2024ConRF: Zero-shot Stylization of 3D Scenes with Conditioned Radiation Fieldscited by 5
12 most cited of 33 All 33 (JSON)
- 2026Geometry-Aware Style Transfer in 3D Gaussian Splatting23 Jun 2026
- 2026NeuMesh++: Towards Versatile and Efficient Volumetric Editing with Disentangled Neural Mesh-based Implicit Field17 Jun 2026
- 2026Image-Guided Geometric Stylization of 3D Meshes9 Apr 2026
- 2025Voxify3D: Pixel Art Meets Volumetric Rendering8 Dec 2025
- 2025Color3D: Controllable and Consistent 3D Colorization with Personalized Colorizer11 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-level Dynamic Style Transfer for NeRFs1 Oct 2025
- 2025MS-GS: Multi-Appearance Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wild19 Sep 2025
- 2025Improved 3D Scene Stylization via Text-Guided Generative Image Editing with Region-Based Control4 Sep 2025
- 2025FantasyStyle: Controllable Stylized Distillation for 3D Gaussian Splatting11 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-StyleGS: Stylizing Gaussian Splatting with Multiple Styles7 Jun 2025
- 2025Empowering Vector Graphics with Consistently Arbitrary Viewing and View-dependent Visibility27 May 2025
- 2025GT2-GS: Geometry-aware Texture Transfer for Gaussian Splatting21 May 2025
12 newest of 33 All 33 (JSON)