Data to 14 Oct 2026

A Closed-form Solution to Photorealistic Image Stylization

arXiv 1802.06474 ↗First posted 19 Feb 2018cs.CVcited by 133

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Abstract (arXiv)

Photorealistic image stylization concerns transferring style of a reference photo to a content photo with the constraint that the stylized photo should remain photorealistic. While several photorealistic image stylization methods exist, they tend to generate spatially inconsistent stylizations with noticeable artifacts. In this paper, we propose a method to address these issues. The proposed method consists of a stylization step and a smoothing step. While the stylization step transfers the style of the reference photo to the content photo, the smoothing step ensures spatially consistent stylizations. Each of the steps has a closed-form solution and can be computed efficiently. We conduct extensive experimental validations. The results show that the proposed method generates photorealistic stylization outputs that are more preferred by human subjects as compared to those by the competing methods while running much faster. Source code and additional results are available at https://github.com/NVIDIA/FastPhotoStyle .

Key facts. Cited by 133 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Feb 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 39; 2022: 33; 2023: 25; 2024: 12; 2025: 18; 2026: 6.

133 papers.

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2021RobustNet: Improving Domain Generalization in Urban-Scene Segmentation via Instance Selective Whiteningcited by 215
2021CLIPstyler: Image Style Transfer with a Single Text Conditioncited by 203
2023Style Injection in Diffusion: A Training-free Approach for Adapting Large-scale Diffusion Models for Style Transfercited by 196
2021StyTr2: Image Style Transfer with Transformerscited by 187
2021EditGAN: High-Precision Semantic Image Editingcited by 156
2022StylizedNeRF: Consistent 3D Scene Stylization as Stylized NeRF via 2D-3D Mutual Learningcited by 140
2021ArtFlow: Unbiased Image Style Transfer via Reversible Neural Flowscited by 113
2021Enhancing Photorealism Enhancementcited by 74
2022Back to the Source: Diffusion-Driven Test-Time Adaptationcited by 71
2021Making Images Real Again: A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Image Compositioncited by 63
2021High-Resolution Photorealistic Image Translation in Real-Time: A Laplacian Pyramid Translation Networkcited by 61
2021SSH: A Self-Supervised Framework for Image Harmonizationcited by 60

38 more

20213DStyleNet: Creating 3D Shapes with Geometric and Texture Style Variationscited by 58
2022ArtFID: Quantitative Evaluation of Neural Style Transfercited by 49
2021Rethinking and Improving the Robustness of Image Style Transfercited by 48
2022UPST-NeRF: Universal Photorealistic Style Transfer of Neural Radiance Fields for 3D Scenecited by 47
2021Multiple Heads are Better than One: Few-shot Font Generation with Multiple Localized Expertscited by 46
2022CCPL: Contrastive Coherence Preserving Loss for Versatile Style Transfercited by 46
2021Multi-Source Domain Adaptation with Collaborative Learning for Semantic Segmentationcited by 44
2022Face Relighting with Geometrically Consistent Shadowscited by 43
2021Rethinking Style Transfer: From Pixels to Parameterized Brushstrokescited by 42
2021Towards High Fidelity Face Relighting with Realistic Shadowscited by 42
2021Drafting and Revision: Laplacian Pyramid Network for Fast High-Quality Artistic Style Transfercited by 41
2021Domain-Aware Universal Style Transfercited by 40
2024A Comprehensive Survey on Data Augmentationcited by 40
2021DRB-GAN: A Dynamic ResBlock Generative Adversarial Network for Artistic Style Transfercited by 39
2021Language-Driven Image Style Transfercited by 37
2022ClimateNeRF: Extreme Weather Synthesis in Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 37
2023Neural Preset for Color Style Transfercited by 36
2022Ref-NPR: Reference-Based Non-Photorealistic Radiance Fields for Controllable Scene Stylizationcited by 35
2024DifFRelight: Diffusion-Based Facial Performance Relightingcited by 35
2022Geometry-aware Single-image Full-body Human Relightingcited by 34
2024A survey of synthetic data augmentation methods in computer visioncited by 34
2023General Image-to-Image Translation with One-Shot Image Guidancecited by 31
2021PhotoWCT2: Compact Autoencoder for Photorealistic Style Transfer Resulting from Blockwise Training and Skip Connections of High-Frequency Residualscited by 30
2023Survey on Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation for Visual Perception in Automated Drivingcited by 29
2023Texture Learning Domain Randomization for Domain Generalized Segmentationcited by 24
2023CAP-VSTNet: Content Affinity Preserved Versatile Style Transfercited by 24
2024FreeTuner: Any Subject in Any Style with Training-free Diffusioncited by 24
2022On the Road to Online Adaptation for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 23
2022XMP-Font: Self-Supervised Cross-Modality Pre-training for Few-Shot Font Generationcited by 18
2022QuantArt: Quantizing Image Style Transfer Towards High Visual Fidelitycited by 18
2022Fast Differentiable Matrix Square Root and Inverse Square Rootcited by 16
2022S2WAT: Image Style Transfer via Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Strips Window Attentioncited by 14
2023Transforming Radiance Field with Lipschitz Network for Photorealistic 3D Scene Stylizationcited by 14
2023DiFaReli++: Diffusion Face Relighting with Consistent Cast Shadowscited by 14
2021Achieving Domain Generalization in Underwater Object Detection by Domain Mixup and Contrastive Learningcited by 12
2025WeatherEdit: Controllable Weather Editing with 4D Gaussian Fieldcited by 12
2022PCA-Based Knowledge Distillation Towards Lightweight and Content-Style Balanced Photorealistic Style Transfer Modelscited by 11
2022Towards Better User Studies in Computer Graphics and Visioncited by 11

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