Content and Style Aware Generation of Text-line Images for Handwriting Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
Handwritten Text Recognition has achieved an impressive performance in public benchmarks. However, due to the high inter- and intra-class variability between handwriting styles, such recognizers need to be trained using huge volumes of manually labeled training data. To alleviate this labor-consuming problem, synthetic data produced with TrueType fonts has been often used in the training loop to gain volume and augment the handwriting style variability. However, there is a significant style bias between synthetic and real data which hinders the improvement of recognition performance. To deal with such limitations, we propose a generative method for handwritten text-line images, which is conditioned on both visual appearance and textual content. Our method is able to produce long text-line samples with diverse handwriting styles. Once properly trained, our method can also be adapted to new target data by only accessing unlabeled text-line images to mimic handwritten styles and produce images with any textual content. Extensive experiments have been done on making use of the generated samples to boost Handwritten Text Recognition performance. Both qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the current state of the art.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Apr 2022.
Builds on
31 of 50 references.
References · 31
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19 more
- 2017MuseGAN: Multi-track Sequential Generative Adversarial Networks for Symbolic Music Generation and Accompanimentcited by 151
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 10; 2024: 13; 2025: 11.
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- 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypescited by 32
- 2023WordStylist: Styled Verbatim Handwritten Text Generation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 23
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
- 2023HWD: A Novel Evaluation Score for Styled Handwritten Text Generationcited by 19
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 18
- 2024DiffusionPen: Towards Controlling the Style of Handwritten Text Generationcited by 16
- 2023How to Choose Pretrained Handwriting Recognition Models for Single Writer Fine-Tuningcited by 13
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressivecited by 13
- 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generationcited by 10
- 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 8
- 2023SelfDocSeg: A Self-Supervised vision-based Approach towards Document Segmentationcited by 7
- 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generationcited by 7
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- 2023Constrained Adversarial Learning for Automated Software Testing: a literature reviewcited by 6
- 2023FASTER: A Font-Agnostic Scene Text Editing and Rendering Frameworkcited by 6
- 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognitioncited by 6
- 2023Mining bias-target Alignment from Voronoi Cellscited by 5
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2024Machine Unlearning for Document Classificationcited by 4
- 2024GRIF-DM: Generation of Rich Impression Fonts using Diffusion Modelscited by 4
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliablecited by 3
- 2022A Few Shot Multi-Representation Approach for N-gram Spotting in Historical Manuscriptscited by 2
- 2024Debiasing surgeon: fantastic weights and how to find themcited by 2
- 2024UnSupDLA: Towards Unsupervised Document Layout Analysiscited by 2
- 2024StylusAI: Stylistic Adaptation for Robust German Handwritten Text Generationcited by 2
- 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniquescited by 2
- 2025Quo Vadis Handwritten Text Generation for Handwritten Text Recognition?cited by 2
- 2025Dual Orthogonal Guidance for Robust Diffusion-based Handwritten Text Generationcited by 2
- 2024LayeredDoc: Domain Adaptive Document Restoration with a Layer Separation Approachcited by 1
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generationcited by 1
- 2025SkyReels-Text: Fine-Grained Font-Controllable Text Editing for Poster Designcited by 1
- 2023Offline Detection of Misspelled Handwritten Words by Convolving Recognition Model Features with Text Labelscited by 0
- 2024Align, Minimize and Diversify: A Source-Free Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Method for Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025WriteViT: Handwritten Text Generation with Vision Transformercited by 0
- 2025Layout Stroke Imitation: A Layout Guided Handwriting Stroke Generation for Style Imitation with Diffusion Modelcited by 0
- 2025GAN-based Content-Conditioned Generation of Handwritten Musical Symbolscited by 0
- 2025SkyReels-Text: Fine-Grained Font-Controllable Text Editing for Poster Design17 Nov 2025
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliable27 Oct 2025
- 2025GAN-based Content-Conditioned Generation of Handwritten Musical Symbols16 Oct 2025
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generation28 Sep 2025
- 2025Layout Stroke Imitation: A Layout Guided Handwriting Stroke Generation for Style Imitation with Diffusion Model19 Sep 2025
- 2025Dual Orthogonal Guidance for Robust Diffusion-based Handwritten Text Generation23 Aug 2025
- 2025Quo Vadis Handwritten Text Generation for Handwritten Text Recognition?13 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generation5 Aug 2025
- 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniques8 Jul 2025
- 2025WriteViT: Handwritten Text Generation with Vision Transformer19 May 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressive21 Mar 2025
- 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generation3 Oct 2024
23 more
- 2024DiffusionPen: Towards Controlling the Style of Handwritten Text Generation9 Sep 2024
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generation6 Sep 2024
- 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognition4 Sep 2024
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Models1 Sep 2024
- 2024GRIF-DM: Generation of Rich Impression Fonts using Diffusion Models14 Aug 2024
- 2024StylusAI: Stylistic Adaptation for Robust German Handwritten Text Generation22 Jul 2024
- 2024LayeredDoc: Domain Adaptive Document Restoration with a Layer Separation Approach12 Jun 2024
- 2024UnSupDLA: Towards Unsupervised Document Layout Analysis10 Jun 2024
- 2024Machine Unlearning for Document Classification29 Apr 2024
- 2024Align, Minimize and Diversify: A Source-Free Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Method for Handwritten Text Recognition28 Apr 2024
- 2024Debiasing surgeon: fantastic weights and how to find them21 Mar 2024
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generation16 Feb 2024
- 2023HWD: A Novel Evaluation Score for Styled Handwritten Text Generation31 Oct 2023
- 2023Offline Detection of Misspelled Handwritten Words by Convolving Recognition Model Features with Text Labels18 Sep 2023
- 2023FASTER: A Font-Agnostic Scene Text Editing and Rendering Framework5 Aug 2023
- 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model31 May 2023
- 2023Mining bias-target Alignment from Voronoi Cells5 May 2023
- 2023How to Choose Pretrained Handwriting Recognition Models for Single Writer Fine-Tuning4 May 2023
- 2023SelfDocSeg: A Self-Supervised vision-based Approach towards Document Segmentation1 May 2023
- 2023WordStylist: Styled Verbatim Handwritten Text Generation with Latent Diffusion Models29 Mar 2023
- 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypes27 Mar 2023
- 2023Constrained Adversarial Learning for Automated Software Testing: a literature review14 Mar 2023
- 2022A Few Shot Multi-Representation Approach for N-gram Spotting in Historical Manuscripts21 Sep 2022
- 2023WordStylist: Styled Verbatim Handwritten Text Generation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 23
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 18
- 2024DiffusionPen: Towards Controlling the Style of Handwritten Text Generationcited by 16
- 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 8
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2024GRIF-DM: Generation of Rich Impression Fonts using Diffusion Modelscited by 4
- 2024StylusAI: Stylistic Adaptation for Robust German Handwritten Text Generationcited by 2
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generationcited by 1
- 2025Layout Stroke Imitation: A Layout Guided Handwriting Stroke Generation for Style Imitation with Diffusion Modelcited by 0
- 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generation28 Sep 2025
- 2025Layout Stroke Imitation: A Layout Guided Handwriting Stroke Generation for Style Imitation with Diffusion Model19 Sep 2025
- 2024DiffusionPen: Towards Controlling the Style of Handwritten Text Generation9 Sep 2024
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Models1 Sep 2024
- 2024GRIF-DM: Generation of Rich Impression Fonts using Diffusion Models14 Aug 2024
- 2024StylusAI: Stylistic Adaptation for Robust German Handwritten Text Generation22 Jul 2024
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generation16 Feb 2024
- 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model31 May 2023
- 2023WordStylist: Styled Verbatim Handwritten Text Generation with Latent Diffusion Models29 Mar 2023
- 2024Machine Unlearning for Document Classificationcited by 4
- 2024Machine Unlearning for Document Classification29 Apr 2024
- 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypescited by 32
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
- 2023HWD: A Novel Evaluation Score for Styled Handwritten Text Generationcited by 19
- 2023How to Choose Pretrained Handwriting Recognition Models for Single Writer Fine-Tuningcited by 13
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressivecited by 13
- 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generationcited by 10
- 2023SelfDocSeg: A Self-Supervised vision-based Approach towards Document Segmentationcited by 7
- 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generationcited by 7
- 2023Constrained Adversarial Learning for Automated Software Testing: a literature reviewcited by 6
- 2023FASTER: A Font-Agnostic Scene Text Editing and Rendering Frameworkcited by 6
- 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognitioncited by 6
- 2023Mining bias-target Alignment from Voronoi Cellscited by 5
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2025SkyReels-Text: Fine-Grained Font-Controllable Text Editing for Poster Design17 Nov 2025
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliable27 Oct 2025
- 2025GAN-based Content-Conditioned Generation of Handwritten Musical Symbols16 Oct 2025
- 2025Dual Orthogonal Guidance for Robust Diffusion-based Handwritten Text Generation23 Aug 2025
- 2025Quo Vadis Handwritten Text Generation for Handwritten Text Recognition?13 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generation5 Aug 2025
- 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniques8 Jul 2025
- 2025WriteViT: Handwritten Text Generation with Vision Transformer19 May 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressive21 Mar 2025
- 2024Decoupling Layout from Glyph in Online Chinese Handwriting Generation3 Oct 2024
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generation6 Sep 2024
- 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognition4 Sep 2024
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)