ScrabbleGAN: Semi-Supervised Varying Length Handwritten Text Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Optical character recognition (OCR) systems performance have improved significantly in the deep learning era. This is especially true for handwritten text recognition (HTR), where each author has a unique style, unlike printed text, where the variation is smaller by design. That said, deep learning based HTR is limited, as in every other task, by the number of training examples. Gathering data is a challenging and costly task, and even more so, the labeling task that follows, of which we focus here. One possible approach to reduce the burden of data annotation is semi-supervised learning. Semi supervised methods use, in addition to labeled data, some unlabeled samples to improve performance, compared to fully supervised ones. Consequently, such methods may adapt to unseen images during test time. We present ScrabbleGAN, a semi-supervised approach to synthesize handwritten text images that are versatile both in style and lexicon. ScrabbleGAN relies on a novel generative model which can generate images of words with an arbitrary length. We show how to operate our approach in a semi-supervised manner, enjoying the aforementioned benefits such as performance boost over state of the art supervised HTR. Furthermore, our generator can manipulate the resulting text style. This allows us to change, for instance, whether the text is cursive, or how thin is the pen stroke.
Key facts. Cited by 69 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2020: 1; 2021: 9; 2022: 14; 2023: 15; 2024: 12; 2025: 13; 2026: 5.
69 papers.
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50 most cited of 69 All 69 (JSON)
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- 2022Recognition of Handwritten Chinese Text by Segmentation: A Segment-annotation-free Approach29 Jul 2022
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- 2024DiffusionPen: Towards Controlling the Style of Handwritten Text Generationcited by 16
- 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 8
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12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
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- 2026Diffusion-Based Ukrainian Handwritten Text Generation with Cross-Domain Style Transfer26 May 2026
- 2026CONSTANT: Towards High-Quality One-Shot Handwriting Generation with Patch Contrastive Enhancement and Style-Aware Quantization8 Mar 2026
- 2024DiffusionPen: Towards Controlling the Style of Handwritten Text Generation9 Sep 2024
- 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Models1 Sep 2024
- 2024StylusAI: Stylistic Adaptation for Robust German Handwritten Text Generation22 Jul 2024
- 2024Typographic Text Generation with Off-the-Shelf Diffusion Model22 Feb 2024
- 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generation16 Feb 2024
- 2023Enhancing Scene Text Detectors with Realistic Text Image Synthesis Using Diffusion Models28 Nov 2023
- 2023Conditional Text Image Generation with Diffusion Models19 Jun 2023
- 2023Improving Handwritten OCR with Training Samples Generated by Glyph Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model31 May 2023
- 2023WordStylist: Styled Verbatim Handwritten Text Generation with Latent Diffusion Models29 Mar 2023
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- 2021DG-Font: Deformable Generative Networks for Unsupervised Font Generationcited by 70
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- 2023Disentangling Writer and Character Styles for Handwriting Generationcited by 35
- 2022Look Closer to Supervise Better: One-Shot Font Generation via Component-Based Discriminatorcited by 32
- 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypescited by 32
- 2022SLOGAN: Handwriting Style Synthesis for Arbitrary-Length and Out-of-Vocabulary Textcited by 26
- 2024Visual Text Generation in the Wildcited by 22
- 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
- 2023HWD: A Novel Evaluation Score for Styled Handwritten Text Generationcited by 19
- 2025Visual Text Processing: A Comprehensive Review and Unified Evaluationcited by 18
12 most cited of 55 All 55 (JSON)
- 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operation8 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond Human Annotation: Recent Advances in Data Generation Methods for Document Intelligence18 Jan 2026
- 2025BeHGAN: Bengali Handwritten Word Generation from Plain Text Using Generative Adversarial Networks25 Dec 2025
- 2025ScriptViT: Vision Transformer-Based Personalized Handwriting Generation23 Nov 2025
- 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliable27 Oct 2025
- 2025FW-GAN: Frequency-Driven Handwriting Synthesis with Wave-Modulated MLP Generator28 Aug 2025
- 2025Dual Orthogonal Guidance for Robust Diffusion-based Handwritten Text Generation23 Aug 2025
- 2025Quo Vadis Handwritten Text Generation for Handwritten Text Recognition?13 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generation5 Aug 2025
- 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniques8 Jul 2025
- 2025WriteViT: Handwritten Text Generation with Vision Transformer19 May 2025
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12 newest of 55 All 55 (JSON)