mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Synthesizing Programs for Images using Reinforced Adversarial Learning

arXiv 1804.01118 ↗First posted 3 Apr 2018cs.CV cs.LG stat.MLcited by 72

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Abstract (arXiv)

Advances in deep generative networks have led to impressive results in recent years. Nevertheless, such models can often waste their capacity on the minutiae of datasets, presumably due to weak inductive biases in their decoders. This is where graphics engines may come in handy since they abstract away low-level details and represent images as high-level programs. Current methods that combine deep learning and renderers are limited by hand-crafted likelihood or distance functions, a need for large amounts of supervision, or difficulties in scaling their inference algorithms to richer datasets. To mitigate these issues, we present SPIRAL, an adversarially trained agent that generates a program which is executed by a graphics engine to interpret and sample images. The goal of this agent is to fool a discriminator network that distinguishes between real and rendered data, trained with a distributed reinforcement learning setup without any supervision. A surprising finding is that using the discriminator's output as a reward signal is the key to allow the agent to make meaningful progress at matching the desired output rendering. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an end-to-end, unsupervised and adversarial inverse graphics agent on challenging real world (MNIST, Omniglot, CelebA) and synthetic 3D datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Apr 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2018: 1; 2019: 1; 2020: 0; 2021: 26; 2022: 17; 2023: 6; 2024: 13; 2025: 4; 2026: 4.

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  1. 2022CodeRL: Mastering Code Generation through Pretrained Models and Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 358
  2. 2021Im2Vec: Synthesizing Vector Graphics without Vector Supervisioncited by 116
  3. 2021Abstraction and Analogy-Making in Artificial Intelligencecited by 103
  4. 2021CanvasVAE: Learning to Generate Vector Graphic Documentscited by 95
  5. 2022Learning to generate line drawings that convey geometry and semanticscited by 83
  6. 2021Computer-Aided Design as Languagecited by 82
  7. 2018Learning to Understand Goal Specifications by Modelling Rewardcited by 80
  8. 2021Paint Transformer: Feed Forward Neural Painting with Stroke Predictioncited by 62
  9. 2022Top-Down Synthesis for Library Learningcited by 58
  10. 2022CLIPasso: Semantically-Aware Object Sketchingcited by 57
  11. 2021Leveraging Language to Learn Program Abstractions and Search Heuristicscited by 45
  12. 2021Rethinking Style Transfer: From Pixels to Parameterized Brushstrokescited by 42
38 more
  1. 2021Adversarial Intrinsic Motivation for Reinforcement Learningcited by 40
  2. 2021Modern Evolution Strategies for Creativity: Fitting Concrete Images and Abstract Conceptscited by 40
  3. 2022Content and Style Aware Generation of Text-line Images for Handwriting Recognitioncited by 35
  4. 2024Can Large Language Models Understand Symbolic Graphics Programs?cited by 35
  5. 2024SketchAgent: Language-Driven Sequential Sketch Generationcited by 31
  6. 2022Neural-Sim: Learning to Generate Training Data with NeRFcited by 27
  7. 2023Outline, Then Details: Syntactically Guided Coarse-To-Fine Code Generationcited by 27
  8. 2021Task2Sim : Towards Effective Pre-training and Transfer from Synthetic Datacited by 26
  9. 2025TikZero: Zero-Shot Text-Guided Graphics Program Synthesiscited by 24
  10. 2021Differentiable Drawing and Sketchingcited by 21
  11. 2021Contrastive Active Inferencecited by 21
  12. 2021Brick-by-Brick: Combinatorial Construction with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 19
  13. 2021DoodleFormer: Creative Sketch Drawing with Transformerscited by 17
  14. 2024NIVeL: Neural Implicit Vector Layers for Text-to-Vector Generationcited by 17
  15. 2025NeuralSVG: An Implicit Representation for Text-to-Vector Generationcited by 17
  16. 2021Cloud2Curve: Generation and Vectorization of Parametric Sketchescited by 16
  17. 2023Stroke-based Neural Painting and Stylization with Dynamically Predicted Painting Regioncited by 14
  18. 2021Neural Strokes: Stylized Line Drawing of 3D Shapescited by 13
  19. 2024SketchINR: A First Look into Sketches as Implicit Neural Representationscited by 13
  20. 2021Automated Urban Planning for Reimagining City Configuration via Adversarial Learning: Quantification, Generation, and Evaluationcited by 11
  21. 2021Simulated Adversarial Testing of Face Recognition Modelscited by 10
  22. 2023SketchDreamer: Interactive Text-Augmented Creative Sketch Ideationcited by 10
  23. 2024Freehand Sketch Generation from Mechanical Componentscited by 8
  24. 2021Wasserstein Distance Maximizing Intrinsic Controlcited by 6
  25. 2021Intelli-Paint: Towards Developing Human-like Painting Agentscited by 6
  26. 2022Finding Differences Between Transformers and ConvNets Using Counterfactual Simulation Testingcited by 6
  27. 2024Inverse Painting: Reconstructing The Painting Processcited by 6
  28. 2022Drawing out of Distribution with Neuro-Symbolic Generative Modelscited by 5
  29. 2023Learning Geometry-aware Representations by Sketchingcited by 5
  30. 2022RLSS: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Sequential Scene Generationcited by 4
  31. 2022Stroke-based Rendering: From Heuristics to Deep Learningcited by 4
  32. 2024Learn2Synth: Learning Optimal Data Synthesis Using Hypergradients for Brain Image Segmentationcited by 4
  33. 2021Learning Evolved Combinatorial Symbols with a Neuro-symbolic Generative Modelcited by 3
  34. 2022Human Body Measurement Estimation with Adversarial Augmentationcited by 3
  35. 2023Segmentation-Based Parametric Paintingcited by 3
  36. 2024Vector Grimoire: Codebook-based Shape Generation under Raster Image Supervisioncited by 3
  37. 2022From Scratch to Sketch: Deep Decoupled Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Robotic Sketching Agentcited by 2
  38. 2022Cut-and-Approximate: 3D Shape Reconstruction from Planar Cross-sections with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 2

50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)