Synthesizing Programs for Images using Reinforced Adversarial Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Advances in deep generative networks have led to impressive results in recent years. Nevertheless, such models can often waste their capacity on the minutiae of datasets, presumably due to weak inductive biases in their decoders. This is where graphics engines may come in handy since they abstract away low-level details and represent images as high-level programs. Current methods that combine deep learning and renderers are limited by hand-crafted likelihood or distance functions, a need for large amounts of supervision, or difficulties in scaling their inference algorithms to richer datasets. To mitigate these issues, we present SPIRAL, an adversarially trained agent that generates a program which is executed by a graphics engine to interpret and sample images. The goal of this agent is to fool a discriminator network that distinguishes between real and rendered data, trained with a distributed reinforcement learning setup without any supervision. A surprising finding is that using the discriminator's output as a reward signal is the key to allow the agent to make meaningful progress at matching the desired output rendering. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an end-to-end, unsupervised and adversarial inverse graphics agent on challenging real world (MNIST, Omniglot, CelebA) and synthetic 3D datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Apr 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2018: 1; 2019: 1; 2020: 0; 2021: 26; 2022: 17; 2023: 6; 2024: 13; 2025: 4; 2026: 4.
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- 2023Outline, Then Details: Syntactically Guided Coarse-To-Fine Code Generation28 Apr 2023
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- 2022Stroke-based Rendering: From Heuristics to Deep Learning30 Dec 2022
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- 2022Learning to generate line drawings that convey geometry and semantics23 Mar 2022
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- 2021Abstraction and Analogy-Making in Artificial Intelligencecited by 103
- 2021CanvasVAE: Learning to Generate Vector Graphic Documentscited by 95
- 2022Learning to generate line drawings that convey geometry and semanticscited by 83
- 2021Computer-Aided Design as Languagecited by 82
- 2021Paint Transformer: Feed Forward Neural Painting with Stroke Predictioncited by 62
- 2022Top-Down Synthesis for Library Learningcited by 58
- 2022CLIPasso: Semantically-Aware Object Sketchingcited by 57
- 2021Leveraging Language to Learn Program Abstractions and Search Heuristicscited by 45
- 2021Rethinking Style Transfer: From Pixels to Parameterized Brushstrokescited by 42
- 2021Modern Evolution Strategies for Creativity: Fitting Concrete Images and Abstract Conceptscited by 40
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- 2026Look, Compare and Draw: Differential Query Transformer for Automatic Oil Painting29 Mar 2026
- 2026DiffBMP: Differentiable Rendering with Bitmap Primitives26 Feb 2026
- 2025AnimatePainter: A Self-Supervised Rendering Framework for Reconstructing Painting Process21 Mar 2025
- 2025TikZero: Zero-Shot Text-Guided Graphics Program Synthesis14 Mar 2025
- 2025NeuralSVG: An Implicit Representation for Text-to-Vector Generation7 Jan 2025
- 2024SketchAgent: Language-Driven Sequential Sketch Generation26 Nov 2024
- 2024Learn2Synth: Learning Optimal Data Synthesis Using Hypergradients for Brain Image Segmentation23 Nov 2024
- 2024Learning to Synthesize Graphics Programs for Geometric Artworks21 Oct 2024
- 2024Vector Grimoire: Codebook-based Shape Generation under Raster Image Supervision8 Oct 2024
- 2024Inverse Painting: Reconstructing The Painting Process30 Sep 2024
- 2024Can Large Language Models Understand Symbolic Graphics Programs?15 Aug 2024
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