mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypes

arXiv 2303.15269 ↗First posted 27 Mar 2023cs.CVcited by 32

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Abstract (arXiv)

Generating synthetic images of handwritten text in a writer-specific style is a challenging task, especially in the case of unseen styles and new words, and even more when these latter contain characters that are rarely encountered during training. While emulating a writer's style has been recently addressed by generative models, the generalization towards rare characters has been disregarded. In this work, we devise a Transformer-based model for Few-Shot styled handwritten text generation and focus on obtaining a robust and informative representation of both the text and the style. In particular, we propose a novel representation of the textual content as a sequence of dense vectors obtained from images of symbols written as standard GNU Unifont glyphs, which can be considered their visual archetypes. This strategy is more suitable for generating characters that, despite having been seen rarely during training, possibly share visual details with the frequently observed ones. As for the style, we obtain a robust representation of unseen writers' calligraphy by exploiting specific pre-training on a large synthetic dataset. Quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposal in generating words in unseen styles and with rare characters more faithfully than existing approaches relying on independent one-hot encodings of the characters.

Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Mar 2023.

Builds on

33 of 55 references.

References · 33

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  4. 2014Conditional Generative Adversarial Netscited by 2,152
  5. 2013Generating Sequences With Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 549
  6. 2015An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network for Image-based Sequence Recognition and Its Application to Scene Text Recognitioncited by 519
  7. 2017Geometric GANcited by 232
  8. 2017Multi-Content GAN for Few-Shot Font Style Transfercited by 100
  9. 2021DG-Font: Deformable Generative Networks for Unsupervised Font Generationcited by 70
  10. 2020ScrabbleGAN: Semi-Supervised Varying Length Handwritten Text Generationcited by 69
  11. 2020GANwriting: Content-Conditioned Generation of Styled Handwritten Word Imagescited by 68
  12. 2018Geometry Score: A Method For Comparing Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 56
21 more
  1. 2019Artistic Glyph Image Synthesis via One-Stage Few-Shot Learningcited by 53
  2. 2021TextStyleBrush: Transfer of Text Aesthetics from a Single Examplecited by 48
  3. 2020Few-shot Font Generation with Localized Style Representations and Factorizationcited by 47
  4. 2020Few-shot Compositional Font Generation with Dual Memorycited by 44
  5. 2018DeepWriting: Making Digital Ink Editable via Deep Generative Modelingcited by 39
  6. 2019Adversarial Generation of Handwritten Text Images Conditioned on Sequencescited by 37
  7. 2021Handwriting Transformerscited by 37
  8. 2020Text and Style Conditioned GAN for Generation of Offline Handwriting Linescited by 35
  9. 2022Content and Style Aware Generation of Text-line Images for Handwriting Recognitioncited by 35
  10. 2018Handwriting Recognition in Low-resource Scripts using Adversarial Learningcited by 32
  11. 2021MetaHTR: Towards Writer-Adaptive Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 27
  12. 2019STCN: Stochastic Temporal Convolutional Networkscited by 26
  13. 2022SLOGAN: Handwriting Style Synthesis for Arbitrary-Length and Out-of-Vocabulary Textcited by 26
  14. 2020Generating Handwriting via Decoupled Style Descriptorscited by 23
  15. 2018Generating Handwritten Chinese Characters using CycleGANcited by 21
  16. 2021SmartPatch: Improving Handwritten Word Imitation with Patch Discriminatorscited by 17
  17. 2021Text is Text, No Matter What: Unifying Text Recognition using Knowledge Distillationcited by 17
  18. 2022Boosting Modern and Historical Handwritten Text Recognition with Deformable Convolutionscited by 14
  19. 2019Generative Adversarial Network for Handwritten Textcited by 12
  20. 2022SWIS: Self-Supervised Representation Learning For Writer Independent Offline Signature Verificationcited by 7
  21. 2022SE-GAN: Skeleton Enhanced GAN-based Model for Brush Handwriting Font Generationcited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 9; 2025: 14; 2026: 7.

32 papers.

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  1. 2024One-Shot Diffusion Mimicker for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 20
  2. 2023HWD: A Novel Evaluation Score for Styled Handwritten Text Generationcited by 19
  3. 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 18
  4. 2024DiffusionPen: Towards Controlling the Style of Handwritten Text Generationcited by 16
  5. 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressivecited by 13
  6. 2025Handwritten Text Recognition: A Surveycited by 12
  7. 2024On the Generalization of Handwritten Text Recognition Modelscited by 10
  8. 2025Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generationcited by 10
  9. 2023FASTER: A Font-Agnostic Scene Text Editing and Rendering Frameworkcited by 6
  10. 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognitioncited by 6
  11. 2024Zero-Shot Paragraph-level Handwriting Imitation with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 5
  12. 2026Beyond Human Annotation: Recent Advances in Data Generation Methods for Document Intelligencecited by 4
20 more
  1. 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliablecited by 3
  2. 2024StylusAI: Stylistic Adaptation for Robust German Handwritten Text Generationcited by 2
  3. 2025Advancing Offline Handwritten Text Recognition: A Systematic Review of Data Augmentation and Generation Techniquescited by 2
  4. 2025Quo Vadis Handwritten Text Generation for Handwritten Text Recognition?cited by 2
  5. 2025Dual Orthogonal Guidance for Robust Diffusion-based Handwritten Text Generationcited by 2
  6. 2025FW-GAN: Frequency-Driven Handwriting Synthesis with Wave-Modulated MLP Generatorcited by 1
  7. 2025DiffInk: Glyph- and Style-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Text to Online Handwriting Generationcited by 1
  8. 2025SkyReels-Text: Fine-Grained Font-Controllable Text Editing for Poster Designcited by 1
  9. 2026CONSTANT: Towards High-Quality One-Shot Handwriting Generation with Patch Contrastive Enhancement and Style-Aware Quantizationcited by 1
  10. 2024Align, Minimize and Diversify: A Source-Free Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Method for Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 0
  11. 2024Machine Apophenia: The Kaleidoscopic Generation of Architectural Imagescited by 0
  12. 2025WriteViT: Handwritten Text Generation with Vision Transformercited by 0
  13. 2025Layout Stroke Imitation: A Layout Guided Handwriting Stroke Generation for Style Imitation with Diffusion Modelcited by 0
  14. 2025ScriptViT: Vision Transformer-Based Personalized Handwriting Generationcited by 0
  15. 2025BeHGAN: Bengali Handwritten Word Generation from Plain Text Using Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 0
  16. 2026Zero-Shot Synthetic-to-Real Handwritten Text Recognition via Task Analogiescited by 0
  17. 2026Diffusion-Based Ukrainian Handwritten Text Generation with Cross-Domain Style Transfercited by 0
  18. 2026DiffMath: Symbol- and Graph-Aware Latent Diffusion Transformer for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Generationcited by 0
  19. 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operationcited by 0
  20. 2026Bridging Online and Offline Handwriting via Differentiable Physical Renderingcited by 0