mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Automated Reinforcement Learning (AutoRL): A Survey and Open Problems

arXiv 2201.03916 ↗First posted 11 Jan 2022cs.LGcited by 69

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Abstract (arXiv)

The combination of Reinforcement Learning (RL) with deep learning has led to a series of impressive feats, with many believing (deep) RL provides a path towards generally capable agents. However, the success of RL agents is often highly sensitive to design choices in the training process, which may require tedious and error-prone manual tuning. This makes it challenging to use RL for new problems, while also limits its full potential. In many other areas of machine learning, AutoML has shown it is possible to automate such design choices and has also yielded promising initial results when applied to RL. However, Automated Reinforcement Learning (AutoRL) involves not only standard applications of AutoML but also includes additional challenges unique to RL, that naturally produce a different set of methods. As such, AutoRL has been emerging as an important area of research in RL, providing promise in a variety of applications from RNA design to playing games such as Go. Given the diversity of methods and environments considered in RL, much of the research has been conducted in distinct subfields, ranging from meta-learning to evolution. In this survey we seek to unify the field of AutoRL, we provide a common taxonomy, discuss each area in detail and pose open problems which would be of interest to researchers going forward.

Key facts. Cited by 69 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 165 of its 269 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jan 2022.

Builds on

165 of 269 references.

References · 165

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38 more
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50 most cited of 165 All 165 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 16; 2023: 19; 2024: 15; 2025: 8; 2026: 11.

69 papers.

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  1. 2022Evolving Curricula with Regret-Based Environment Designcited by 166
  2. 2022Discovered Policy Optimisationcited by 103
  3. 2023Hyperparameters in Reinforcement Learning and How To Tune Themcited by 58
  4. 2022Discovering Evolution Strategies via Meta-Black-Box Optimizationcited by 44
  5. 2022Contextualize Me -- The Case for Context in Reinforcement Learningcited by 41
  6. 2023Self-Refined Large Language Model as Automated Reward Function Designer for Deep Reinforcement Learning in Roboticscited by 35
  7. 2023AutoML in the Age of Large Language Models: Current Challenges, Future Opportunities and Riskscited by 34
  8. 2023Discovering Attention-Based Genetic Algorithms via Meta-Black-Box Optimizationcited by 33
  9. 2022Stabilizing Off-Policy Deep Reinforcement Learning from Pixelscited by 32
  10. 2023Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning Based on Decomposition: A Taxonomy and Frameworkcited by 28
  11. 2023Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 24
  12. 2024On the consistency of hyper-parameter selection in value-based deep reinforcement learningcited by 21
38 more
  1. 2022Combining Evolution and Deep Reinforcement Learning for Policy Search: a Surveycited by 20
  2. 2022Bayesian Generational Population-Based Trainingcited by 20
  3. 2024Discovering Temporally-Aware Reinforcement Learning Algorithmscited by 18
  4. 2022Open Source Vizier: Distributed Infrastructure and API for Reliable and Flexible Blackbox Optimizationcited by 17
  5. 2023Discovering General Reinforcement Learning Algorithms with Adversarial Environment Designcited by 16
  6. 2024Dreaming of Many Worlds: Learning Contextual World Models Aids Zero-Shot Generalizationcited by 16
  7. 2022Theory-inspired Parameter Control Benchmarks for Dynamic Algorithm Configurationcited by 11
  8. 2022Meta-Gradients in Non-Stationary Environmentscited by 11
  9. 2022Automated Reinforcement Learning: An Overviewcited by 9
  10. 2024Position: Lifetime tuning is incompatible with continual reinforcement learningcited by 9
  11. 2023AutoRL Hyperparameter Landscapescited by 8
  12. 2024Hierarchical Transformers are Efficient Meta-Reinforcement Learnerscited by 6
  13. 2024Automatic Environment Shaping is the Next Frontier in RLcited by 6
  14. 2025EngiBench: A Framework for Data-Driven Engineering Design Researchcited by 6
  15. 2024High-dimensional Bayesian Optimization via Covariance Matrix Adaptation Strategycited by 5
  16. 2024Combining Automated Optimisation of Hyperparameters and Reward Shapecited by 5
  17. 2025On the Importance of Reward Design in Reinforcement Learning-based Dynamic Algorithm Configuration: A Case Study on OneMax with (1+(λ,λ))-GAcited by 5
  18. 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Automated Machine Learning for Recommendationscited by 4
  19. 2023Dynamic Update-to-Data Ratio: Minimizing World Model Overfittingcited by 4
  20. 2022POLTER: Policy Trajectory Ensemble Regularization for Unsupervised Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
  21. 2023Deep Reinforcement Learning from Hierarchical Preference Designcited by 3
  22. 2024Adaptive Q-Network: On-the-fly Target Selection for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
  23. 2024ARLBench: Flexible and Efficient Benchmarking for Hyperparameter Optimization in Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
  24. 2025High Dimensional Bayesian Optimization using Lasso Variable Selectioncited by 3
  25. 2022ARLO: A Framework for Automated Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
  26. 2023Unified Functional Hashing in Automatic Machine Learningcited by 2
  27. 2023Scalable End-to-End ML Platforms: from AutoML to Self-servecited by 2
  28. 2023Provably Efficient Bayesian Optimization with Unknown Gaussian Process Hyperparameter Estimationcited by 2
  29. 2023Learning Curricula in Open-Ended Worldscited by 2
  30. 2024Generalized Population-Based Training for Hyperparameter Optimization in Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
  31. 2024Inferring Behavior-Specific Context Improves Zero-Shot Generalization in Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
  32. 2024Lifelong Reinforcement Learning via Neuromodulationcited by 2
  33. 2026HARBOR: A Harness Framework for Agentic Robot Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
  34. 2022Evolving Pareto-Optimal Actor-Critic Algorithms for Generalizability and Stabilitycited by 1
  35. 2023Towards Personalized Preprocessing Pipeline Searchcited by 1
  36. 2023Learning Rewards to Optimize Global Performance Metrics in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
  37. 2023Towards Automated Design of Riboswitchescited by 1
  38. 2023General Purpose Artificial Intelligence Systems (GPAIS): Properties, Definition, Taxonomy, Societal Implications and Responsible Governancecited by 1

50 most cited of 69 All 69 (JSON)