Probabilistic 3D Multi-Modal, Multi-Object Tracking for Autonomous Driving
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multi-object tracking is an important ability for an autonomous vehicle to safely navigate a traffic scene. Current state-of-the-art follows the tracking-by-detection paradigm where existing tracks are associated with detected objects through some distance metric. The key challenges to increase tracking accuracy lie in data association and track life cycle management. We propose a probabilistic, multi-modal, multi-object tracking system consisting of different trainable modules to provide robust and data-driven tracking results. First, we learn how to fuse features from 2D images and 3D LiDAR point clouds to capture the appearance and geometric information of an object. Second, we propose to learn a metric that combines the Mahalanobis and feature distances when comparing a track and a new detection in data association. And third, we propose to learn when to initialize a track from an unmatched object detection. Through extensive quantitative and qualitative results, we show that when using the same object detectors our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on the NuScenes and KITTI datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 20; 2023: 22; 2024: 14; 2025: 11; 2026: 3.
73 papers.
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- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 487
- 2023VoxelNeXt: Fully Sparse VoxelNet for 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 221
- 2021SimpleTrack: Understanding and Rethinking 3D Multi-object Trackingcited by 102
- 2022MUTR3D: A Multi-camera Tracking Framework via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 90
- 2021Exploring Simple 3D Multi-Object Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 56
- 2023Standing Between Past and Future: Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 54
- 2022Uncertainty Quantification of Collaborative Detection for Self-Drivingcited by 46
- 2021Immortal Tracker: Tracklet Never Diescited by 42
- 2022DeepFusionMOT: A 3D Multi-Object Tracking Framework Based on Camera-LiDAR Fusion with Deep Associationcited by 33
- 2024ADA-Track++: End-to-End Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Alternating Detection and Associationcited by 33
- 2023Once Detected, Never Lost: Surpassing Human Performance in Offline LiDAR based 3D Object Detectioncited by 28
- 20223D Multi-Object Tracking Using Graph Neural Networks with Cross-Edge Modality Attentioncited by 27
38 more
- 2022TripletTrack: 3D Object Tracking using Triplet Embeddings and LSTMcited by 26
- 2022ShaSTA: Modeling Shape and Spatio-Temporal Affinities for 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 21
- 20233DMOTFormer: Graph Transformer for Online 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 21
- 2023RaTrack: Moving Object Detection and Tracking with 4D Radar Point Cloudcited by 21
- 2023ByteTrackV2: 2D and 3D Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 20
- 2024ActiveAnno3D -- An Active Learning Framework for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 17
- 2022GNN-PMB: A Simple but Effective Online 3D Multi-Object Tracker without Bells and Whistlescited by 15
- 2023Probabilistic 3D Multi-Object Cooperative Tracking for Autonomous Driving via Differentiable Multi-Sensor Kalman Filtercited by 15
- 2024AD4RL: Autonomous Driving Benchmarks for Offline Reinforcement Learning with Value-based Datasetcited by 15
- 2022Transformers for Multi-Object Tracking on Point Cloudscited by 14
- 20234D-Former: Multimodal 4D Panoptic Segmentationcited by 12
- 2022Neural Enhanced Belief Propagation for Multiobject Trackingcited by 11
- 2024Fast-Poly: A Fast Polyhedral Framework For 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 11
- 2022Neural Enhanced Belief Propagation for Data Association in Multiobject Trackingcited by 10
- 2022SpOT: Spatiotemporal Modeling for 3D Object Trackingcited by 10
- 2025TACO: Taming Diffusion for in-the-wild Video Amodal Completioncited by 10
- 2023LEGO: Learning and Graph-Optimized Modular Tracker for Online Multi-Object Tracking with Point Cloudscited by 9
- 2025R-LiViT: A LiDAR-Visual-Thermal Dataset Enabling Vulnerable Road User Focused Roadside Perceptioncited by 9
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 8
- 2023You Only Need Two Detectors to Achieve Multi-Modal 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 8
- 2022Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking on the Move via Single-Stage Global Association Approachcited by 7
- 2023An Efficient Semi-Automated Scheme for Infrastructure LiDAR Annotationcited by 7
- 2022InterTrack: Interaction Transformer for 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 6
- 20223DMODT: Attention-Guided Affinities for Joint Detection & Tracking in 3D Point Cloudscited by 6
- 2024Quantifying Uncertainty in Motion Prediction with Variational Bayesian Mixturecited by 6
- 2022Learning Moving-Object Tracking with FMCW LiDARcited by 5
- 2023Selective Communication for Cooperative Perception in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensorscited by 5
- 2023Privacy-preserving and Uncertainty-aware Federated Trajectory Prediction for Connected Autonomous Vehiclescited by 4
- 20233D Multiple Object Tracking on Autonomous Driving: A Literature Reviewcited by 4
- 2023TrafficMOT: A Challenging Dataset for Multi-Object Tracking in Complex Traffic Scenarioscited by 4
- 2024CAMOT: Camera Angle-aware Multi-Object Trackingcited by 4
- 2022SRCN3D: Sparse R-CNN 3D for Compact Convolutional Multi-View 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 3
- 2022TAToo: Vision-based Joint Tracking of Anatomy and Tool for Skull-base Surgerycited by 3
- 20233D Multi-Object Tracking Based on Uncertainty-Guided Data Associationcited by 3
- 2023Exorcising ''Wraith'': Protecting LiDAR-based Object Detector in Automated Driving System from Appearing Attackscited by 3
- 2023Probabilistic Sampling of Balanced K-Means using Adiabatic Quantum Computingcited by 3
- 2025PapMOT: Exploring Adversarial Patch Attack against Multiple Object Trackingcited by 3
50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2026CrossView: Can Vision-Language Models Reason Across Cameras?16 Aug 2026
- 2026PUF: Plug-and-Play Uncertainty-Aware Fusion for Online 3D Scene Graph Generation8 Jul 2026
- 2026Offline-Poly: A Polyhedral Framework For Offline 3D Multi-Object Tracking14 Feb 2026
- 2025Equivariant symmetry-aware head pose estimation for fetal MRI4 Dec 2025
- 2025Motion Estimation for Multi-Object Tracking using KalmanNet with Semantic-Independent Encoding14 Sep 2025
- 2025Data-Driven Discovery of Interpretable Kalman Filter Variants through Large Language Models and Genetic Programming13 Aug 2025
- 2025Bayesian Multiobject Tracking With Neural-Enhanced Motion and Measurement Models22 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning better representations for crowded pedestrians in offboard LiDAR-camera 3D tracking-by-detection21 May 2025
- 2025S3MOT: Monocular 3D Object Tracking with Selective State Space Model25 Apr 2025
- 2025PapMOT: Exploring Adversarial Patch Attack against Multiple Object Tracking12 Apr 2025
- 2025R-LiViT: A LiDAR-Visual-Thermal Dataset Enabling Vulnerable Road User Focused Roadside Perception21 Mar 2025
- 2025OptiPMB: Enhancing 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Optimized Poisson Multi-Bernoulli Filtering17 Mar 2025
38 more
- 2025TACO: Taming Diffusion for in-the-wild Video Amodal Completion15 Mar 2025
- 2025Bayesian Approximation-Based Trajectory Prediction and Tracking with 4D Radar3 Feb 2025
- 2024Sparse Point Clouds Assisted Learned Image Compression20 Dec 2024
- 20243D Multi-Object Tracking Employing MS-GLMB Filter for Autonomous Driving19 Oct 2024
- 2024Open3DTrack: Towards Open-Vocabulary 3D Multi-Object Tracking2 Oct 2024
- 2024CAMOT: Camera Angle-aware Multi-Object Tracking26 Sep 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensors10 Jul 2024
- 2024Multi-Object Tracking based on Imaging Radar 3D Object Detection3 Jun 2024
- 2024Enhanced Object Tracking by Self-Supervised Auxiliary Depth Estimation Learning23 May 2024
- 2024ADA-Track++: End-to-End Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Alternating Detection and Association14 May 2024
- 2024Sports Analysis and VR Viewing System Based on Player Tracking and Pose Estimation with Multimodal and Multiview Sensors2 May 2024
- 2024Quantifying Uncertainty in Motion Prediction with Variational Bayesian Mixture4 Apr 2024
- 2024AD4RL: Autonomous Driving Benchmarks for Offline Reinforcement Learning with Value-based Dataset3 Apr 2024
- 2024Fast-Poly: A Fast Polyhedral Framework For 3D Multi-Object Tracking20 Mar 2024
- 2024Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusion for Autonomous Driving6 Mar 2024
- 2024ActiveAnno3D -- An Active Learning Framework for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection5 Feb 2024
- 2023TrafficMOT: A Challenging Dataset for Multi-Object Tracking in Complex Traffic Scenarios30 Nov 2023
- 20234D-Former: Multimodal 4D Panoptic Segmentation2 Nov 2023
- 2023Probabilistic Sampling of Balanced K-Means using Adiabatic Quantum Computing18 Oct 2023
- 2023ShaSTA-Fuse: Camera-LiDAR Sensor Fusion to Model Shape and Spatio-Temporal Affinities for 3D Multi-Object Tracking4 Oct 2023
- 20233D Multiple Object Tracking on Autonomous Driving: A Literature Review27 Sep 2023
- 2023Probabilistic 3D Multi-Object Cooperative Tracking for Autonomous Driving via Differentiable Multi-Sensor Kalman Filter26 Sep 2023
- 2023RaTrack: Moving Object Detection and Tracking with 4D Radar Point Cloud18 Sep 2023
- 2023Dual-Path Temporal Map Optimization for Make-up Temporal Video Grounding12 Sep 2023
- 2023LEGO: Learning and Graph-Optimized Modular Tracker for Online Multi-Object Tracking with Point Clouds19 Aug 2023
- 20233DMOTFormer: Graph Transformer for Online 3D Multi-Object Tracking12 Aug 2023
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers29 Jun 2023
- 2023Selective Communication for Cooperative Perception in End-to-End Autonomous Driving26 May 2023
- 2023MMF-Track: Multi-modal Multi-level Fusion for 3D Single Object Tracking11 May 2023
- 2023Once Detected, Never Lost: Surpassing Human Performance in Offline LiDAR based 3D Object Detection24 Apr 2023
- 2023You Only Need Two Detectors to Achieve Multi-Modal 3D Multi-Object Tracking18 Apr 2023
- 2023ByteTrackV2: 2D and 3D Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Box27 Mar 2023
- 2023VoxelNeXt: Fully Sparse VoxelNet for 3D Object Detection and Tracking20 Mar 2023
- 2023Exorcising ''Wraith'': Protecting LiDAR-based Object Detector in Automated Driving System from Appearing Attacks17 Mar 2023
- 2023Privacy-preserving and Uncertainty-aware Federated Trajectory Prediction for Connected Autonomous Vehicles8 Mar 2023
- 20233D Multi-Object Tracking Based on Uncertainty-Guided Data Association3 Mar 2023
- 2023Standing Between Past and Future: Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Tracking7 Feb 2023
- 2023An Efficient Semi-Automated Scheme for Infrastructure LiDAR Annotation25 Jan 2023
50 newest of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2026CrossView: Can Vision-Language Models Reason Across Cameras?16 Aug 2026
- 2023VoxelNeXt: Fully Sparse VoxelNet for 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 221
- 2021SimpleTrack: Understanding and Rethinking 3D Multi-object Trackingcited by 102
- 2022MUTR3D: A Multi-camera Tracking Framework via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 90
- 2021Exploring Simple 3D Multi-Object Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 56
- 2023Standing Between Past and Future: Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 54
- 2022Uncertainty Quantification of Collaborative Detection for Self-Drivingcited by 46
- 2021Immortal Tracker: Tracklet Never Diescited by 42
- 2022DeepFusionMOT: A 3D Multi-Object Tracking Framework Based on Camera-LiDAR Fusion with Deep Associationcited by 33
- 2024ADA-Track++: End-to-End Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Alternating Detection and Associationcited by 33
- 2023Once Detected, Never Lost: Surpassing Human Performance in Offline LiDAR based 3D Object Detectioncited by 28
- 20223D Multi-Object Tracking Using Graph Neural Networks with Cross-Edge Modality Attentioncited by 27
- 2022TripletTrack: 3D Object Tracking using Triplet Embeddings and LSTMcited by 26
12 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2026PUF: Plug-and-Play Uncertainty-Aware Fusion for Online 3D Scene Graph Generation8 Jul 2026
- 2026Offline-Poly: A Polyhedral Framework For Offline 3D Multi-Object Tracking14 Feb 2026
- 2025Equivariant symmetry-aware head pose estimation for fetal MRI4 Dec 2025
- 2025Motion Estimation for Multi-Object Tracking using KalmanNet with Semantic-Independent Encoding14 Sep 2025
- 2025Data-Driven Discovery of Interpretable Kalman Filter Variants through Large Language Models and Genetic Programming13 Aug 2025
- 2025Bayesian Multiobject Tracking With Neural-Enhanced Motion and Measurement Models22 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning better representations for crowded pedestrians in offboard LiDAR-camera 3D tracking-by-detection21 May 2025
- 2025PapMOT: Exploring Adversarial Patch Attack against Multiple Object Tracking12 Apr 2025
- 2025R-LiViT: A LiDAR-Visual-Thermal Dataset Enabling Vulnerable Road User Focused Roadside Perception21 Mar 2025
- 2025OptiPMB: Enhancing 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Optimized Poisson Multi-Bernoulli Filtering17 Mar 2025
- 2025Bayesian Approximation-Based Trajectory Prediction and Tracking with 4D Radar3 Feb 2025
- 2024Sparse Point Clouds Assisted Learned Image Compression20 Dec 2024
12 newest of 67 All 67 (JSON)