How To Train Your Deep Multi-Object Tracker
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Abstract (arXiv)
The recent trend in vision-based multi-object tracking (MOT) is heading towards leveraging the representational power of deep learning to jointly learn to detect and track objects. However, existing methods train only certain sub-modules using loss functions that often do not correlate with established tracking evaluation measures such as Multi-Object Tracking Accuracy (MOTA) and Precision (MOTP). As these measures are not differentiable, the choice of appropriate loss functions for end-to-end training of multi-object tracking methods is still an open research problem. In this paper, we bridge this gap by proposing a differentiable proxy of MOTA and MOTP, which we combine in a loss function suitable for end-to-end training of deep multi-object trackers. As a key ingredient, we propose a Deep Hungarian Net (DHN) module that approximates the Hungarian matching algorithm. DHN allows estimating the correspondence between object tracks and ground truth objects to compute differentiable proxies of MOTA and MOTP, which are in turn used to optimize deep trackers directly. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed differentiable framework improves the performance of existing multi-object trackers, and we establish a new state of the art on the MOTChallenge benchmark. Our code is publicly available from https://github.com/yihongXU/deepMOT.
Key facts. Cited by 71 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 25; 2022: 26; 2023: 9; 2024: 7; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
71 papers.
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- 2022BoT-SORT: Robust Associations Multi-Pedestrian Trackingcited by 320
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2021SimpleTrack: Understanding and Rethinking 3D Multi-object Trackingcited by 103
- 2021TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2022Towards Grand Unification of Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2021EagerMOT: 3D Multi-Object Tracking via Sensor Fusioncited by 83
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 69
- 20214D Panoptic LiDAR Segmentationcited by 65
- 2021SiamMOT: Siamese Multi-Object Trackingcited by 62
- 2022Unifying Short and Long-Term Tracking with Graph Hierarchiescited by 62
- 2021DEFT: Detection Embeddings for Trackingcited by 56
- 2021RelationTrack: Relation-aware Multiple Object Tracking with Decoupled Representationcited by 52
38 more
- 2021Learnable Graph Matching: Incorporating Graph Partitioning with Deep Feature Learning for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 47
- 2021Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Filters and Siamese Networks: A Survey and Outlookcited by 46
- 2022GIAOTracker: A comprehensive framework for MCMOT with global information and optimizing strategies in VisDrone 2021cited by 46
- 2022Simple Cues Lead to a Strong Multi-Object Trackercited by 44
- 2021Learning a Proposal Classifier for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 42
- 2021TransCenter: Transformers with Dense Representations for Multiple-Object Trackingcited by 42
- 2022AnimalTrack: A Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking in the Wildcited by 37
- 2021LMGP: Lifted Multicut Meets Geometry Projections for Multi-Camera Multi-Object Trackingcited by 34
- 2021DyGLIP: A Dynamic Graph Model with Link Prediction for Accurate Multi-Camera Multiple Object Trackingcited by 31
- 2022PolarMOT: How Far Can Geometric Relations Take Us in 3D Multi-Object Tracking?cited by 29
- 2022Quo Vadis: Is Trajectory Forecasting the Key Towards Long-Term Multi-Object Tracking?cited by 29
- 2021Track without Appearance: Learn Box and Tracklet Embedding with Local and Global Motion Patterns for Vehicle Trackingcited by 26
- 2023ReST: A Reconfigurable Spatial-Temporal Graph Model for Multi-Camera Multi-Object Trackingcited by 24
- 2021Discriminative Appearance Modeling with Multi-track Pooling for Real-time Multi-object Trackingcited by 22
- 2021Tracking People with 3D Representationscited by 22
- 2021Looking Beyond Two Frames: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking Using Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 21
- 2022A Comprehensive Review of Computer Vision in Sports: Open Issues, Future Trends and Research Directionscited by 21
- 2021Tracking People by Predicting 3D Appearance, Location & Posecited by 15
- 2023FOLT: Fast Multiple Object Tracking from UAV-captured Videos Based on Optical Flowcited by 15
- 2022Transformers for Multi-Object Tracking on Point Cloudscited by 14
- 2022Large Scale Real-World Multi-Person Trackingcited by 14
- 2021Online Multiple Object Tracking with Cross-Task Synergycited by 12
- 2022Learning of Global Objective for Network Flow in Multi-Object Trackingcited by 11
- 2022Multi-view Tracking Using Weakly Supervised Human Motion Predictioncited by 11
- 2024TeamTrack: A Dataset for Multi-Sport Multi-Object Tracking in Full-pitch Videoscited by 11
- 2022Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation via Neural Message Passingcited by 9
- 2021Local Metrics for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 8
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 8
- 2022Depth Perspective-aware Multiple Object Trackingcited by 8
- 2022Robust Multi-Object Tracking by Marginal Inferencecited by 7
- 2023BrackishMOT: The Brackish Multi-Object Tracking Datasetcited by 7
- 2021Multi-Object Tracking with Hallucinated and Unlabeled Videoscited by 6
- 2022GLAN: A Graph-based Linear Assignment Networkcited by 6
- 2024Is Multiple Object Tracking a Matter of Specialization?cited by 5
- 2025NOOUGAT: Towards Unified Online and Offline Multi-Object Trackingcited by 3
- 2022Joint Spatial-Temporal and Appearance Modeling with Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2023Learnable Graph Matching: A Practical Paradigm for Data Associationcited by 2
- 2023Tracking Objects with 3D Representation from Videoscited by 2
50 most cited of 71 All 71 (JSON)
- 2026CalibFree: Self-Supervised View Feature Separation for Calibration-Free Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking10 May 2026
- 2025NOOUGAT: Towards Unified Online and Offline Multi-Object Tracking2 Sep 2025
- 2025Challenges in Non-Polymeric Crystal Structure Prediction: Why a Geometric, Permutation-Invariant Loss is Needed31 Aug 2025
- 2025S3MOT: Monocular 3D Object Tracking with Selective State Space Model25 Apr 2025
- 2024Learning a Neural Association Network for Self-supervised Multi-Object Tracking18 Nov 2024
- 2024MOT FCG++: Enhanced Representation of Spatio-temporal Motion and Appearance Features15 Nov 2024
- 2024Is Multiple Object Tracking a Matter of Specialization?1 Nov 2024
- 2024Multi-Camera Multi-Person Association using Transformer-Based Dense Pixel Correspondence Estimation and Detection-Based Masking17 Aug 2024
- 2024PhyTracker: An Online Tracker for Phytoplankton29 Jun 2024
- 2024Is a Pure Transformer Effective for Separated and Online Multi-Object Tracking?23 May 2024
- 2024TeamTrack: A Dataset for Multi-Sport Multi-Object Tracking in Full-pitch Videos22 Apr 2024
- 2023Deep MDP: A Modular Framework for Multi-Object Tracking22 Oct 2023
38 more
- 2023FishMOT: A Simple and Effective Method for Fish Tracking Based on IoU Matching6 Sep 2023
- 2023UnsMOT: Unified Framework for Unsupervised Multi-Object Tracking with Geometric Topology Guidance3 Sep 2023
- 2023ReST: A Reconfigurable Spatial-Temporal Graph Model for Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking25 Aug 2023
- 2023FOLT: Fast Multiple Object Tracking from UAV-captured Videos Based on Optical Flow14 Aug 2023
- 2023Trajectory Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture filter for traffic monitoring using a drone29 Jun 2023
- 2023Tracking Objects with 3D Representation from Videos8 Jun 2023
- 2023Learnable Graph Matching: A Practical Paradigm for Data Association27 Mar 2023
- 2023BrackishMOT: The Brackish Multi-Object Tracking Dataset21 Feb 2023
- 2022Unifying Short and Long-Term Tracking with Graph Hierarchies6 Dec 2022
- 2022Sparse Message Passing Network with Feature Integration for Online Multiple Object Tracking6 Dec 2022
- 2022How to Backpropagate through Hungarian in Your DETR?12 Nov 2022
- 2022Large Scale Real-World Multi-Person Tracking3 Nov 2022
- 2022Multi-view Tracking Using Weakly Supervised Human Motion Prediction19 Oct 2022
- 2022Quo Vadis: Is Trajectory Forecasting the Key Towards Long-Term Multi-Object Tracking?14 Oct 2022
- 2022Robust Multi-Object Tracking by Marginal Inference7 Aug 2022
- 2022Transformer-based assignment decision network for multiple object tracking6 Aug 2022
- 2022PolarMOT: How Far Can Geometric Relations Take Us in 3D Multi-Object Tracking?3 Aug 2022
- 2022Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation via Neural Message Passing15 Jul 2022
- 2022Towards Grand Unification of Object Tracking14 Jul 2022
- 2022Depth Perspective-aware Multiple Object Tracking10 Jul 2022
- 2022BoT-SORT: Robust Associations Multi-Pedestrian Tracking29 Jun 2022
- 2022Simple Cues Lead to a Strong Multi-Object Tracker9 Jun 2022
- 2022Transformers for Multi-Object Tracking on Point Clouds31 May 2022
- 2022Joint Spatial-Temporal and Appearance Modeling with Transformer for Multiple Object Tracking31 May 2022
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Survey22 May 2022
- 2022AnimalTrack: A Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking in the Wild30 Apr 2022
- 2022FasterVideo: Efficient Online Joint Object Detection And Tracking15 Apr 2022
- 2022Human Instance Segmentation and Tracking via Data Association and Single-stage Detector31 Mar 2022
- 2022Learning of Global Objective for Network Flow in Multi-Object Tracking30 Mar 2022
- 2022A Comprehensive Review of Computer Vision in Sports: Open Issues, Future Trends and Research Directions3 Mar 2022
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Again28 Feb 2022
- 2022GIAOTracker: A comprehensive framework for MCMOT with global information and optimizing strategies in VisDrone 202124 Feb 2022
- 2022Real-Time Siamese Multiple Object Tracker with Enhanced Proposals10 Feb 2022
- 2022GLAN: A Graph-based Linear Assignment Network5 Jan 2022
- 2021Tracking People by Predicting 3D Appearance, Location & Pose8 Dec 2021
- 2021Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Filters and Siamese Networks: A Survey and Outlook6 Dec 2021
- 2021LMGP: Lifted Multicut Meets Geometry Projections for Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking23 Nov 2021
- 2021SimpleTrack: Understanding and Rethinking 3D Multi-object Tracking18 Nov 2021
50 newest of 71 All 71 (JSON)
- 2022BoT-SORT: Robust Associations Multi-Pedestrian Trackingcited by 320
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2021SimpleTrack: Understanding and Rethinking 3D Multi-object Trackingcited by 103
- 2021TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2022Towards Grand Unification of Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2021EagerMOT: 3D Multi-Object Tracking via Sensor Fusioncited by 83
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 69
- 20214D Panoptic LiDAR Segmentationcited by 65
- 2021SiamMOT: Siamese Multi-Object Trackingcited by 62
- 2022Unifying Short and Long-Term Tracking with Graph Hierarchiescited by 62
- 2021DEFT: Detection Embeddings for Trackingcited by 56
- 2021RelationTrack: Relation-aware Multiple Object Tracking with Decoupled Representationcited by 52
12 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026CalibFree: Self-Supervised View Feature Separation for Calibration-Free Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking10 May 2026
- 2025NOOUGAT: Towards Unified Online and Offline Multi-Object Tracking2 Sep 2025
- 2025Challenges in Non-Polymeric Crystal Structure Prediction: Why a Geometric, Permutation-Invariant Loss is Needed31 Aug 2025
- 2024Learning a Neural Association Network for Self-supervised Multi-Object Tracking18 Nov 2024
- 2024MOT FCG++: Enhanced Representation of Spatio-temporal Motion and Appearance Features15 Nov 2024
- 2024Is Multiple Object Tracking a Matter of Specialization?1 Nov 2024
- 2024Multi-Camera Multi-Person Association using Transformer-Based Dense Pixel Correspondence Estimation and Detection-Based Masking17 Aug 2024
- 2024PhyTracker: An Online Tracker for Phytoplankton29 Jun 2024
- 2024Is a Pure Transformer Effective for Separated and Online Multi-Object Tracking?23 May 2024
- 2024TeamTrack: A Dataset for Multi-Sport Multi-Object Tracking in Full-pitch Videos22 Apr 2024
- 2023Deep MDP: A Modular Framework for Multi-Object Tracking22 Oct 2023
- 2023FishMOT: A Simple and Effective Method for Fish Tracking Based on IoU Matching6 Sep 2023
12 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)