mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

DialFact: A Benchmark for Fact-Checking in Dialogue

arXiv 2110.08222 ↗First posted 15 Oct 2021cs.CLcited by 62

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Abstract (arXiv)

Fact-checking is an essential tool to mitigate the spread of misinformation and disinformation. We introduce the task of fact-checking in dialogue, which is a relatively unexplored area. We construct DialFact, a testing benchmark dataset of 22,245 annotated conversational claims, paired with pieces of evidence from Wikipedia. There are three sub-tasks in DialFact: 1) Verifiable claim detection task distinguishes whether a response carries verifiable factual information; 2) Evidence retrieval task retrieves the most relevant Wikipedia snippets as evidence; 3) Claim verification task predicts a dialogue response to be supported, refuted, or not enough information. We found that existing fact-checking models trained on non-dialogue data like FEVER fail to perform well on our task, and thus, we propose a simple yet data-efficient solution to effectively improve fact-checking performance in dialogue. We point out unique challenges in DialFact such as handling the colloquialisms, coreferences and retrieval ambiguities in the error analysis to shed light on future research in this direction.

Key facts. Cited by 62 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 48 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Oct 2021.

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48 of 62 references.

References · 48

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
  3. 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,824
  4. 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,916
  5. 2018FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERificationcited by 1,375
  6. 2021Retrieval Augmentation Reduces Hallucination in Conversationcited by 692
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  8. 2020KILT: a Benchmark for Knowledge Intensive Language Taskscited by 573
  9. 2020Fact or Fiction: Verifying Scientific Claimscited by 554
  10. 2018Wizard of Wikipedia: Knowledge-Powered Conversational agentscited by 530
  11. 2020Towards a Human-like Open-Domain Chatbotcited by 470
  12. 2019TabFact: A Large-scale Dataset for Table-based Fact Verificationcited by 428
36 more
  1. 2021A Survey of Data Augmentation Approaches for NLPcited by 409
  2. 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 378
  3. 2017"Liar, Liar Pants on Fire": A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detectioncited by 363
  4. 2018AllenNLP: A Deep Semantic Natural Language Processing Platformcited by 347
  5. 2018FakeNewsNet: A Data Repository with News Content, Social Context and Spatialtemporal Information for Studying Fake News on Social Mediacited by 285
  6. 2021Beyond Goldfish Memory: Long-Term Open-Domain Conversationcited by 267
  7. 2021Get Your Vitamin C! Robust Fact Verification with Contrastive Evidencecited by 225
  8. 2021Internet-Augmented Dialogue Generationcited by 217
  9. 2019WinoGrande: An Adversarial Winograd Schema Challenge at Scalecited by 204
  10. 2020HoVer: A Dataset for Many-Hop Fact Extraction And Claim Verificationcited by 201
  11. 2021FEVEROUS: Fact Extraction and VERification Over Unstructured and Structured informationcited by 167
  12. 2019Towards Debiasing Fact Verification Modelscited by 143
  13. 2018Dialogue Natural Language Inferencecited by 135
  14. 2021Q2: Evaluating Factual Consistency in Knowledge-Grounded Dialogues via Question Generation and Question Answeringcited by 132
  15. 2021Neural Path Hunter: Reducing Hallucination in Dialogue Systems via Path Groundingcited by 106
  16. 2019Fine-grained Fact Verification with Kernel Graph Attention Networkcited by 105
  17. 2019GEAR: Graph-based Evidence Aggregating and Reasoning for Fact Verificationcited by 100
  18. 2021COVID-Fact: Fact Extraction and Verification of Real-World Claims on COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 100
  19. 2019Proactive Human-Machine Conversation with Explicit Conversation Goalscited by 88
  20. 2017A Stylometric Inquiry into Hyperpartisan and Fake Newscited by 82
  21. 2020Coreferential Reasoning Learning for Language Representationcited by 80
  22. 2021Evaluating Attribution in Dialogue Systems: The BEGIN Benchmarkcited by 77
  23. 2021Increasing Faithfulness in Knowledge-Grounded Dialogue with Controllable Featurescited by 74
  24. 2020I like fish, especially dolphins: Addressing Contradictions in Dialogue Modelingcited by 68
  25. 2018UKP-Athene: Multi-Sentence Textual Entailment for Claim Verificationcited by 60
  26. 2020Evidence-based Factual Error Correctioncited by 44
  27. 2020A Review on Fact Extraction and Verificationcited by 29
  28. 2019Automatic Fact-guided Sentence Modificationcited by 28
  29. 2020Generating Label Cohesive and Well-Formed Adversarial Claimscited by 27
  30. 2020DeSePtion: Dual Sequence Prediction and Adversarial Examples for Improved Fact-Checkingcited by 26
  31. 2021Overview of the CLEF--2021 CheckThat! Lab on Detecting Check-Worthy Claims, Previously Fact-Checked Claims, and Fake Newscited by 23
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  33. 2021Don't be Contradicted with Anything! CI-ToD: Towards Benchmarking Consistency for Task-oriented Dialogue Systemcited by 18
  34. 2021Synthesizing Adversarial Negative Responses for Robust Response Ranking and Evaluationcited by 16
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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 13; 2023: 21; 2024: 10; 2025: 9; 2026: 8.

62 papers.

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  1. 2022Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generationcited by 2,075
  2. 2023HaluEval: A Large-Scale Hallucination Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 341
  3. 2023AlignScore: Evaluating Factual Consistency with a Unified Alignment Functioncited by 288
  4. 2021Measuring Attribution in Natural Language Generation Modelscited by 256
  5. 2023WiCE: Real-World Entailment for Claims in Wikipediacited by 120
  6. 2022FaithDial: A Faithful Benchmark for Information-Seeking Dialoguecited by 109
  7. 2023Generating Benchmarks for Factuality Evaluation of Language Modelscited by 105
  8. 2024Foundational Autoraters: Taming Large Language Models for Better Automatic Evaluationcited by 74
  9. 2023WikiChat: Stopping the Hallucination of Large Language Model Chatbots by Few-Shot Grounding on Wikipediacited by 67
  10. 2025Evaluating LLM-based Agents for Multi-Turn Conversations: A Surveycited by 57
  11. 2025Large Language Models Hallucination: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 49
  12. 2022Missing Counter-Evidence Renders NLP Fact-Checking Unrealistic for Misinformationcited by 45
38 more
  1. 2022Stretching Sentence-pair NLI Models to Reason over Long Documents and Clusterscited by 44
  2. 2023SEAHORSE: A Multilingual, Multifaceted Dataset for Summarization Evaluationcited by 42
  3. 2023A New Benchmark and Reverse Validation Method for Passage-level Hallucination Detectioncited by 42
  4. 2022InstructDial: Improving Zero and Few-shot Generalization in Dialogue through Instruction Tuningcited by 39
  5. 2023Diving Deep into Modes of Fact Hallucinations in Dialogue Systemscited by 32
  6. 2023FactCHD: Benchmarking Fact-Conflicting Hallucination Detectioncited by 29
  7. 2022Faithfulness in Natural Language Generation: A Systematic Survey of Analysis, Evaluation and Optimization Methodscited by 27
  8. 2023Fast and Accurate Factual Inconsistency Detection Over Long Documentscited by 23
  9. 2023Improving Factual Consistency for Knowledge-Grounded Dialogue Systems via Knowledge Enhancement and Alignmentcited by 19
  10. 2024Towards Rationality in Language and Multimodal Agents: A Surveycited by 16
  11. 2024A synthetic data approach for domain generalization of NLI modelscited by 15
  12. 2023Leveraging Large Language Models for Automated Dialogue Analysiscited by 14
  13. 2024ANAH-v2: Scaling Analytical Hallucination Annotation of Large Language Modelscited by 14
  14. 2023With a Little Push, NLI Models can Robustly and Efficiently Predict Faithfulnesscited by 13
  15. 2023CLEVA: Chinese Language Models EVAluation Platformcited by 13
  16. 2022CDConv: A Benchmark for Contradiction Detection in Chinese Conversationscited by 10
  17. 2022Eliciting Knowledge from Large Pre-Trained Models for Unsupervised Knowledge-Grounded Conversationcited by 10
  18. 2022Don't Forget Your ABC's: Evaluating the State-of-the-Art in Chat-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 9
  19. 2022TRUE: Re-evaluating Factual Consistency Evaluationcited by 8
  20. 2022Target-Guided Dialogue Response Generation Using Commonsense and Data Augmentationcited by 8
  21. 2024A Survey of Automatic Hallucination Evaluation on Natural Language Generationcited by 7
  22. 2024ANAH: Analytical Annotation of Hallucinations in Large Language Modelscited by 7
  23. 2022WeCheck: Strong Factual Consistency Checker via Weakly Supervised Learningcited by 6
  24. 2023q2d: Turning Questions into Dialogs to Teach Models How to Searchcited by 5
  25. 2023Automated Fact-Checking in Dialogue: Are Specialized Models Needed?cited by 5
  26. 2024The Battle of LLMs: A Comparative Study in Conversational QA Taskscited by 5
  27. 2024Enhancing Hallucination Detection through Perturbation-Based Synthetic Data Generation in System Responsescited by 5
  28. 2025ATEB: Evaluating and Improving Advanced NLP Tasks for Text Embedding Modelscited by 5
  29. 2022DialGuide: Aligning Dialogue Model Behavior with Developer Guidelinescited by 4
  30. 2023Transferring Visual Attributes from Natural Language to Verified Image Generationcited by 4
  31. 2024Schroedinger's Threshold: When the AUC doesn't predict Accuracycited by 4
  32. 2023ChatGPT-Crawler: Find out if ChatGPT really knows what it's talking aboutcited by 3
  33. 2023Interactively Learning Social Media Representations Improves News Source Factuality Detectioncited by 3
  34. 2023CESAR: Automatic Induction of Compositional Instructions for Multi-turn Dialogscited by 3
  35. 2026URAG: A Benchmark for Uncertainty Quantification in Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 3
  36. 2023Multilingual and Multi-topical Benchmark of Fine-tuned Language models and Large Language Models for Check-Worthy Claim Detectioncited by 2
  37. 2025FACTS&EVIDENCE: An Interactive Tool for Transparent Fine-Grained Factual Verification of Machine-Generated Textcited by 2
  38. 2025C-FAITH: A Chinese Fine-Grained Benchmark for Automated Hallucination Evaluationcited by 1

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