Fast and Accurate Factual Inconsistency Detection Over Long Documents
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Generative AI models exhibit remarkable potential; however, hallucinations across various tasks present a significant challenge, particularly for longer inputs that current approaches struggle to address effectively. We introduce SCALE (Source Chunking Approach for Large-scale inconsistency Evaluation), a task-agnostic model for detecting factual inconsistencies using a novel chunking strategy. Specifically, SCALE is a Natural Language Inference (NLI) based model that uses large text chunks to condition over long texts. This approach achieves state-of-the-art performance in factual inconsistency detection for diverse tasks and long inputs. Additionally, we leverage the chunking mechanism and employ a novel algorithm to explain SCALE's decisions through relevant source sentence retrieval. Our evaluations reveal that SCALE outperforms existing methods on both standard benchmarks and a new long-form dialogue dataset ScreenEval we constructed. Moreover, SCALE surpasses competitive systems in efficiency and model explanation evaluations. We have released our code and data publicly to GitHub.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Oct 2023.
Builds on
30 of 38 references.
References · 30
- 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,512
- 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,960
- 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 3,024
- 2017A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inferencecited by 2,682
- 2018FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERificationcited by 1,375
- 2020BLEURT: Learning Robust Metrics for Text Generationcited by 1,203
- 2019Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understandingcited by 807
- 2021BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generationcited by 722
- 2019Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Abstractive Text Summarizationcited by 584
- 2021SummaC: Re-Visiting NLI-based Models for Inconsistency Detection in Summarizationcited by 407
- 2019PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scramblingcited by 402
- 2020Asking and Answering Questions to Evaluate the Factual Consistency of Summariescited by 378
18 more
- 2020FEQA: A Question Answering Evaluation Framework for Faithfulness Assessment in Abstractive Summarizationcited by 293
- 2021Understanding Factuality in Abstractive Summarization with FRANK: A Benchmark for Factuality Metricscited by 287
- 2022Towards a Unified Multi-Dimensional Evaluator for Text Generationcited by 264
- 2021QuestEval: Summarization Asks for Fact-based Evaluationcited by 244
- 2021QAFactEval: Improved QA-Based Factual Consistency Evaluation for Summarizationcited by 236
- 2021Get Your Vitamin C! Robust Fact Verification with Contrastive Evidencecited by 225
- 2021ContractNLI: A Dataset for Document-level Natural Language Inference for Contractscited by 148
- 2017Faithful to the Original: Fact Aware Neural Abstractive Summarizationcited by 141
- 2018The Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER) Shared Taskcited by 108
- 2023LongEval: Guidelines for Human Evaluation of Faithfulness in Long-form Summarizationcited by 96
- 2019Answers Unite! Unsupervised Metrics for Reinforced Summarization Modelscited by 92
- 2021Evaluating Attribution in Dialogue Systems: The BEGIN Benchmarkcited by 77
- 2021DialFact: A Benchmark for Fact-Checking in Dialoguecited by 62
- 2021Compression, Transduction, and Creation: A Unified Framework for Evaluating Natural Language Generationcited by 60
- 2022Stretching Sentence-pair NLI Models to Reason over Long Documents and Clusterscited by 44
- 2022Falsesum: Generating Document-level NLI Examples for Recognizing Factual Inconsistency in Summarizationcited by 34
- 2020Summary-Source Proposition-level Alignment: Task, Datasets and Supervised Baselinecited by 22
- 2023SWING: Balancing Coverage and Faithfulness for Dialogue Summarizationcited by 10
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 10; 2025: 7; 2026: 5.
23 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 1,601
- 2025Multimodal Inconsistency Reasoning (MMIR): A New Benchmark for Multimodal Reasoning Modelscited by 24
- 2024Fine-Grained Natural Language Inference Based Faithfulness Evaluation for Diverse Summarisation Taskscited by 23
- 2024FoRAG: Factuality-optimized Retrieval Augmented Generation for Web-enhanced Long-form Question Answeringcited by 18
- 2024Hallucination Detection in LLMs: Fast and Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuned Modelscited by 15
- 2025AssoMem: Scalable Memory QA with Multi-Signal Associative Retrievalcited by 11
- 2024Face4RAG: Factual Consistency Evaluation for Retrieval Augmented Generation in Chinesecited by 10
- 2025Memory-QA: Answering Recall Questions Based on Multimodal Memoriescited by 10
- 2024Pap2Pat: Benchmarking Outline-Guided Long-Text Patent Generation with Patent-Paper Pairscited by 8
- 2024A Survey of Automatic Hallucination Evaluation on Natural Language Generationcited by 7
- 2024Re-Ex: Revising after Explanation Reduces the Factual Errors in LLM Responsescited by 6
- 2024Enhancing Hallucination Detection through Perturbation-Based Synthetic Data Generation in System Responsescited by 5
11 more
- 2025How Much Do LLMs Hallucinate across Languages? On Realistic Multilingual Estimation of LLM Hallucinationcited by 5
- 2025PRISMM-Bench: A Benchmark of Peer-Review Grounded Multimodal Inconsistenciescited by 4
- 2024Controlled Automatic Task-Specific Synthetic Data Generation for Hallucination Detectioncited by 3
- 2026Rethinking Hallucinations: Correctness, Consistency, and Prompt Multiplicitycited by 2
- 2025Misleading through Inconsistency: A Benchmark for Political Inconsistencies Detectioncited by 1
- 2024MANTA -- Model Adapter Native generations that's Affordablecited by 0
- 2025Hidden in Plain Sight: Reasoning in Underspecified and Misspecified Scenarios for Multimodal LLMscited by 0
- 2026Evidence-Aligned Entity Verification for Hallucination Detection in Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 0
- 2026ContraVis: Evidence-Grounded Visual Analytics for Contradiction Review in Legal Contractscited by 0
- 2026LogicTree-RAG: Logic Tree-guided Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Long-form Patent Draftingcited by 0
- 2026HARPO: Hallucination-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Faithful and Creative Language Generationcited by 0
- 2026HARPO: Hallucination-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Faithful and Creative Language Generation2 Oct 2026
- 2026LogicTree-RAG: Logic Tree-guided Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Long-form Patent Drafting25 Sep 2026
- 2026ContraVis: Evidence-Grounded Visual Analytics for Contradiction Review in Legal Contracts22 Sep 2026
- 2026Evidence-Aligned Entity Verification for Hallucination Detection in Retrieval-Augmented Generation8 Sep 2026
- 2026Rethinking Hallucinations: Correctness, Consistency, and Prompt Multiplicity31 Jan 2026
- 2025PRISMM-Bench: A Benchmark of Peer-Review Grounded Multimodal Inconsistencies18 Oct 2025
- 2025AssoMem: Scalable Memory QA with Multi-Signal Associative Retrieval12 Oct 2025
- 2025Memory-QA: Answering Recall Questions Based on Multimodal Memories22 Sep 2025
- 2025Hidden in Plain Sight: Reasoning in Underspecified and Misspecified Scenarios for Multimodal LLMs30 May 2025
- 2025Misleading through Inconsistency: A Benchmark for Political Inconsistencies Detection25 May 2025
- 2025Multimodal Inconsistency Reasoning (MMIR): A New Benchmark for Multimodal Reasoning Models22 Feb 2025
- 2025How Much Do LLMs Hallucinate across Languages? On Realistic Multilingual Estimation of LLM Hallucination18 Feb 2025
11 more
- 2024Controlled Automatic Task-Specific Synthetic Data Generation for Hallucination Detection16 Oct 2024
- 2024Pap2Pat: Benchmarking Outline-Guided Long-Text Patent Generation with Patent-Paper Pairs9 Oct 2024
- 2024MANTA -- Model Adapter Native generations that's Affordable22 Sep 2024
- 2024Hallucination Detection in LLMs: Fast and Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuned Models4 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing Hallucination Detection through Perturbation-Based Synthetic Data Generation in System Responses7 Jul 2024
- 2024Face4RAG: Factual Consistency Evaluation for Retrieval Augmented Generation in Chinese1 Jul 2024
- 2024FoRAG: Factuality-optimized Retrieval Augmented Generation for Web-enhanced Long-form Question Answering19 Jun 2024
- 2024A Survey of Automatic Hallucination Evaluation on Natural Language Generation18 Apr 2024
- 2024Fine-Grained Natural Language Inference Based Faithfulness Evaluation for Diverse Summarisation Tasks27 Feb 2024
- 2024Re-Ex: Revising after Explanation Reduces the Factual Errors in LLM Responses27 Feb 2024
- 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questions9 Nov 2023
- 2024FoRAG: Factuality-optimized Retrieval Augmented Generation for Web-enhanced Long-form Question Answeringcited by 18
- 2024Face4RAG: Factual Consistency Evaluation for Retrieval Augmented Generation in Chinesecited by 10
- 2026Evidence-Aligned Entity Verification for Hallucination Detection in Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 0
- 2026LogicTree-RAG: Logic Tree-guided Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Long-form Patent Draftingcited by 0
- 2026LogicTree-RAG: Logic Tree-guided Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Long-form Patent Drafting25 Sep 2026
- 2026Evidence-Aligned Entity Verification for Hallucination Detection in Retrieval-Augmented Generation8 Sep 2026
- 2024Face4RAG: Factual Consistency Evaluation for Retrieval Augmented Generation in Chinese1 Jul 2024
- 2024FoRAG: Factuality-optimized Retrieval Augmented Generation for Web-enhanced Long-form Question Answering19 Jun 2024
- 2025Multimodal Inconsistency Reasoning (MMIR): A New Benchmark for Multimodal Reasoning Modelscited by 24
- 2026Rethinking Hallucinations: Correctness, Consistency, and Prompt Multiplicitycited by 2
- 2025Hidden in Plain Sight: Reasoning in Underspecified and Misspecified Scenarios for Multimodal LLMscited by 0
- 2026Rethinking Hallucinations: Correctness, Consistency, and Prompt Multiplicity31 Jan 2026
- 2025Hidden in Plain Sight: Reasoning in Underspecified and Misspecified Scenarios for Multimodal LLMs30 May 2025
- 2025Multimodal Inconsistency Reasoning (MMIR): A New Benchmark for Multimodal Reasoning Models22 Feb 2025
- 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 1,601
- 2024Fine-Grained Natural Language Inference Based Faithfulness Evaluation for Diverse Summarisation Taskscited by 23
- 2024Hallucination Detection in LLMs: Fast and Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuned Modelscited by 15
- 2025AssoMem: Scalable Memory QA with Multi-Signal Associative Retrievalcited by 11
- 2025Memory-QA: Answering Recall Questions Based on Multimodal Memoriescited by 10
- 2024Pap2Pat: Benchmarking Outline-Guided Long-Text Patent Generation with Patent-Paper Pairscited by 8
- 2024A Survey of Automatic Hallucination Evaluation on Natural Language Generationcited by 7
- 2024Re-Ex: Revising after Explanation Reduces the Factual Errors in LLM Responsescited by 6
- 2025How Much Do LLMs Hallucinate across Languages? On Realistic Multilingual Estimation of LLM Hallucinationcited by 5
- 2024Controlled Automatic Task-Specific Synthetic Data Generation for Hallucination Detectioncited by 3
- 2025Misleading through Inconsistency: A Benchmark for Political Inconsistencies Detectioncited by 1
- 2024MANTA -- Model Adapter Native generations that's Affordablecited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026HARPO: Hallucination-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Faithful and Creative Language Generation2 Oct 2026
- 2026ContraVis: Evidence-Grounded Visual Analytics for Contradiction Review in Legal Contracts22 Sep 2026
- 2025AssoMem: Scalable Memory QA with Multi-Signal Associative Retrieval12 Oct 2025
- 2025Memory-QA: Answering Recall Questions Based on Multimodal Memories22 Sep 2025
- 2025Misleading through Inconsistency: A Benchmark for Political Inconsistencies Detection25 May 2025
- 2025How Much Do LLMs Hallucinate across Languages? On Realistic Multilingual Estimation of LLM Hallucination18 Feb 2025
- 2024Controlled Automatic Task-Specific Synthetic Data Generation for Hallucination Detection16 Oct 2024
- 2024Pap2Pat: Benchmarking Outline-Guided Long-Text Patent Generation with Patent-Paper Pairs9 Oct 2024
- 2024MANTA -- Model Adapter Native generations that's Affordable22 Sep 2024
- 2024Hallucination Detection in LLMs: Fast and Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuned Models4 Sep 2024
- 2024A Survey of Automatic Hallucination Evaluation on Natural Language Generation18 Apr 2024
- 2024Fine-Grained Natural Language Inference Based Faithfulness Evaluation for Diverse Summarisation Tasks27 Feb 2024
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)