mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Fast and Accurate Factual Inconsistency Detection Over Long Documents

arXiv 2310.13189 ↗First posted 19 Oct 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Generative AI models exhibit remarkable potential; however, hallucinations across various tasks present a significant challenge, particularly for longer inputs that current approaches struggle to address effectively. We introduce SCALE (Source Chunking Approach for Large-scale inconsistency Evaluation), a task-agnostic model for detecting factual inconsistencies using a novel chunking strategy. Specifically, SCALE is a Natural Language Inference (NLI) based model that uses large text chunks to condition over long texts. This approach achieves state-of-the-art performance in factual inconsistency detection for diverse tasks and long inputs. Additionally, we leverage the chunking mechanism and employ a novel algorithm to explain SCALE's decisions through relevant source sentence retrieval. Our evaluations reveal that SCALE outperforms existing methods on both standard benchmarks and a new long-form dialogue dataset ScreenEval we constructed. Moreover, SCALE surpasses competitive systems in efficiency and model explanation evaluations. We have released our code and data publicly to GitHub.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Oct 2023.

Builds on

30 of 38 references.

References · 30

  1. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,512
  2. 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,960
  3. 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 3,024
  4. 2017A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inferencecited by 2,682
  5. 2018FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERificationcited by 1,375
  6. 2020BLEURT: Learning Robust Metrics for Text Generationcited by 1,203
  7. 2019Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understandingcited by 807
  8. 2021BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generationcited by 722
  9. 2019Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Abstractive Text Summarizationcited by 584
  10. 2021SummaC: Re-Visiting NLI-based Models for Inconsistency Detection in Summarizationcited by 407
  11. 2019PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scramblingcited by 402
  12. 2020Asking and Answering Questions to Evaluate the Factual Consistency of Summariescited by 378
18 more
  1. 2020FEQA: A Question Answering Evaluation Framework for Faithfulness Assessment in Abstractive Summarizationcited by 293
  2. 2021Understanding Factuality in Abstractive Summarization with FRANK: A Benchmark for Factuality Metricscited by 287
  3. 2022Towards a Unified Multi-Dimensional Evaluator for Text Generationcited by 264
  4. 2021QuestEval: Summarization Asks for Fact-based Evaluationcited by 244
  5. 2021QAFactEval: Improved QA-Based Factual Consistency Evaluation for Summarizationcited by 236
  6. 2021Get Your Vitamin C! Robust Fact Verification with Contrastive Evidencecited by 225
  7. 2021ContractNLI: A Dataset for Document-level Natural Language Inference for Contractscited by 148
  8. 2017Faithful to the Original: Fact Aware Neural Abstractive Summarizationcited by 141
  9. 2018The Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER) Shared Taskcited by 108
  10. 2023LongEval: Guidelines for Human Evaluation of Faithfulness in Long-form Summarizationcited by 96
  11. 2019Answers Unite! Unsupervised Metrics for Reinforced Summarization Modelscited by 92
  12. 2021Evaluating Attribution in Dialogue Systems: The BEGIN Benchmarkcited by 77
  13. 2021DialFact: A Benchmark for Fact-Checking in Dialoguecited by 62
  14. 2021Compression, Transduction, and Creation: A Unified Framework for Evaluating Natural Language Generationcited by 60
  15. 2022Stretching Sentence-pair NLI Models to Reason over Long Documents and Clusterscited by 44
  16. 2022Falsesum: Generating Document-level NLI Examples for Recognizing Factual Inconsistency in Summarizationcited by 34
  17. 2020Summary-Source Proposition-level Alignment: Task, Datasets and Supervised Baselinecited by 22
  18. 2023SWING: Balancing Coverage and Faithfulness for Dialogue Summarizationcited by 10

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 10; 2025: 7; 2026: 5.

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  1. 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 1,601
  2. 2025Multimodal Inconsistency Reasoning (MMIR): A New Benchmark for Multimodal Reasoning Modelscited by 24
  3. 2024Fine-Grained Natural Language Inference Based Faithfulness Evaluation for Diverse Summarisation Taskscited by 23
  4. 2024FoRAG: Factuality-optimized Retrieval Augmented Generation for Web-enhanced Long-form Question Answeringcited by 18
  5. 2024Hallucination Detection in LLMs: Fast and Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuned Modelscited by 15
  6. 2025AssoMem: Scalable Memory QA with Multi-Signal Associative Retrievalcited by 11
  7. 2024Face4RAG: Factual Consistency Evaluation for Retrieval Augmented Generation in Chinesecited by 10
  8. 2025Memory-QA: Answering Recall Questions Based on Multimodal Memoriescited by 10
  9. 2024Pap2Pat: Benchmarking Outline-Guided Long-Text Patent Generation with Patent-Paper Pairscited by 8
  10. 2024A Survey of Automatic Hallucination Evaluation on Natural Language Generationcited by 7
  11. 2024Re-Ex: Revising after Explanation Reduces the Factual Errors in LLM Responsescited by 6
  12. 2024Enhancing Hallucination Detection through Perturbation-Based Synthetic Data Generation in System Responsescited by 5
11 more
  1. 2025How Much Do LLMs Hallucinate across Languages? On Realistic Multilingual Estimation of LLM Hallucinationcited by 5
  2. 2025PRISMM-Bench: A Benchmark of Peer-Review Grounded Multimodal Inconsistenciescited by 4
  3. 2024Controlled Automatic Task-Specific Synthetic Data Generation for Hallucination Detectioncited by 3
  4. 2026Rethinking Hallucinations: Correctness, Consistency, and Prompt Multiplicitycited by 2
  5. 2025Misleading through Inconsistency: A Benchmark for Political Inconsistencies Detectioncited by 1
  6. 2024MANTA -- Model Adapter Native generations that's Affordablecited by 0
  7. 2025Hidden in Plain Sight: Reasoning in Underspecified and Misspecified Scenarios for Multimodal LLMscited by 0
  8. 2026Evidence-Aligned Entity Verification for Hallucination Detection in Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 0
  9. 2026ContraVis: Evidence-Grounded Visual Analytics for Contradiction Review in Legal Contractscited by 0
  10. 2026LogicTree-RAG: Logic Tree-guided Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Long-form Patent Draftingcited by 0
  11. 2026HARPO: Hallucination-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Faithful and Creative Language Generationcited by 0