FakeNewsNet: A Data Repository with News Content, Social Context and Spatialtemporal Information for Studying Fake News on Social Media
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Abstract (arXiv)
Social media has become a popular means for people to consume news. Meanwhile, it also enables the wide dissemination of fake news, i.e., news with intentionally false information, which brings significant negative effects to the society. Thus, fake news detection is attracting increasing attention. However, fake news detection is a non-trivial task, which requires multi-source information such as news content, social context, and dynamic information. First, fake news is written to fool people, which makes it difficult to detect fake news simply based on news contents. In addition to news contents, we need to explore social contexts such as user engagements and social behaviors. For example, a credible user's comment that "this is a fake news" is a strong signal for detecting fake news. Second, dynamic information such as how fake news and true news propagate and how users' opinions toward news pieces are very important for extracting useful patterns for (early) fake news detection and intervention. Thus, comprehensive datasets which contain news content, social context, and dynamic information could facilitate fake news propagation, detection, and mitigation; while to the best of our knowledge, existing datasets only contains one or two aspects. Therefore, in this paper, to facilitate fake news related researches, we provide a fake news data repository FakeNewsNet, which contains two comprehensive datasets that includes news content, social context, and dynamic information. We present a comprehensive description of datasets collection, demonstrate an exploratory analysis of this data repository from different perspectives, and discuss the benefits of FakeNewsNet for potential applications on fake news study on social media.
Key facts. Cited by 281 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Sep 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 27; 2022: 44; 2023: 47; 2024: 68; 2025: 54; 2026: 41.
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- 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 376
- 2023Can LLM-Generated Misinformation Be Detected?cited by 173
- 2024Benchmark Data Contamination of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 138
- 2021NewsCLIPpings: Automatic Generation of Out-of-Context Multimodal Mediacited by 106
- 2022End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Modelscited by 105
- 2021User Preference-aware Fake News Detectioncited by 76
- 2023Bad Actor, Good Advisor: Exploring the Role of Large Language Models in Fake News Detectioncited by 69
- 2023Fake News in Sheep's Clothing: Robust Fake News Detection Against LLM-Empowered Style Attackscited by 69
- 2022MDFEND: Multi-domain Fake News Detectioncited by 68
- 2021DialFact: A Benchmark for Fact-Checking in Dialoguecited by 62
- 2024MMFakeBench: A Mixed-Source Multimodal Misinformation Detection Benchmark for LVLMscited by 60
- 2022MuMiN: A Large-Scale Multilingual Multimodal Fact-Checked Misinformation Social Network Datasetcited by 59
38 more
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- 2023Fighting Fire with Fire: The Dual Role of LLMs in Crafting and Detecting Elusive Disinformationcited by 51
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- 2022Multimodal Fake News Detection via CLIP-Guided Learningcited by 42
- 2024DELL: Generating Reactions and Explanations for LLM-Based Misinformation Detectioncited by 41
- 2022Generalizing to the Future: Mitigating Entity Bias in Fake News Detectioncited by 38
- 2021Towards Fine-Grained Reasoning for Fake News Detectioncited by 32
- 2022Memory-Guided Multi-View Multi-Domain Fake News Detectioncited by 31
- 2025The Truth Becomes Clearer Through Debate! Multi-Agent Systems with Large Language Models Unmask Fake Newscited by 29
- 2022Domain Adaptive Fake News Detection via Reinforcement Learningcited by 27
- 2025Worse than Zero-shot? A Fact-Checking Dataset for Evaluating the Robustness of RAG Against Misleading Retrievalscited by 27
- 2023Zero-shot Faithful Factual Error Correctioncited by 26
- 2024MM-Soc: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models in Social Media Platformscited by 26
- 2022Bootstrapping Multi-view Representations for Fake News Detectioncited by 25
- 2021Augmentations in Graph Contrastive Learning: Current Methodological Flaws & Towards Better Practicescited by 24
- 2021Explainable Tsetlin Machine framework for fake news detection with credibility score assessmentcited by 23
- 2022Counterfactual Neural Temporal Point Process for Estimating Causal Influence of Misinformation on Social Mediacited by 20
- 2023Learn over Past, Evolve for Future: Forecasting Temporal Trends for Fake News Detectioncited by 20
- 2023Emotion Detection for Misinformation: A Reviewcited by 20
- 2022Improving Fake News Detection of Influential Domain via Domain- and Instance-Level Transfercited by 19
- 2024Generative Large Language Models in Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 19
- 2025FACT-AUDIT: An Adaptive Multi-Agent Framework for Dynamic Fact-Checking Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2025LLM-Generated Fake News Induces Truth Decay in News Ecosystem: A Case Study on Neural News Recommendationcited by 19
- 2023Fake News Detectors are Biased against Texts Generated by Large Language Modelscited by 18
- 2023Introducing MBIB -- the first Media Bias Identification Benchmark Task and Dataset Collectioncited by 17
- 2024Can LLMs Improve Multimodal Fact-Checking by Asking Relevant Questions?cited by 17
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- 2025AVerImaTeC: A Dataset for Automatic Verification of Image-Text Claims with Evidence from the Webcited by 17
- 2024Let Silence Speak: Enhancing Fake News Detection with Generated Comments from Large Language Modelscited by 16
- 2022Contrastive Domain Adaptation for Early Misinformation Detection: A Case Study on COVID-19cited by 15
- 2023Multi-modal Fake News Detection on Social Media via Multi-grained Information Fusioncited by 15
- 2023Dynamic Graph Representation Learning with Neural Networks: A Surveycited by 15
- 2024MiRAGeNews: Multimodal Realistic AI-Generated News Detectioncited by 15
- 2021Multimodal Fake News Detectioncited by 14
- 2022Human-in-the-loop Evaluation for Early Misinformation Detection: A Case Study of COVID-19 Treatmentscited by 14
- 2023Weakly Supervised Veracity Classification with LLM-Predicted Credibility Signalscited by 14
- 2023Adapting Fake News Detection to the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2023GAMC: An Unsupervised Method for Fake News Detection using Graph Autoencoder with Maskingcited by 14
50 most cited of 281 All 281 (JSON)
- 2026RAEGNet: Relation-Aware Evidence Graph Network for Harm-Aware Multimodal Fake News Detection29 Sep 2026
- 2026Rethinking Multimodal Fake News Detection in the Generative AI Era29 Sep 2026
- 2026Fake News Theories: Harnessing Disciplinary Insights for Computational Modeling, Detection, and Explanation24 Sep 2026
- 2026An Explainable Coherence Score for Detecting Temporal Inconsistencies in Political News29 Aug 2026
- 2026RCMN: Understanding Misleadingness in Influential Public Discourse27 Aug 2026
- 2026MRAFnd: Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Framework for Zero-Shot Fake News Detection2 Aug 2026
- 2026Semantics of Subterfuge: Benchmarking Legal Deception Detection Against General-domain State-of-the-Art31 Jul 2026
- 2026Verification-Notebook Learning for Source-Aware Multimodal Misinformation Detection26 Jul 2026
- 2026GPE: Evaluating Robust Evidence Aggregation for Fact Verification under Controllable GEO-Style Poisoning22 Jul 2026
- 2026FakeSpotter: A content and strategy agnostic Viral Misinformation Detection Tool20 Jul 2026
- 2026DeLIVeR: Decomposed Learning for Information-grounded Veracity Recognition via Reinforced Knowledge Graph Exploration20 Jul 2026
- 2026Large Language Models in Misinformation Ecosystems: Misuse, Defense, and Vulnerability11 Jul 2026
38 more
- 2026When Benchmarks Mislead: Shortcut Learning, Length Confounds, and the Limits of Cross-Dataset Generalization in Multilingual Fake News and Sarcasm Detection7 Jul 2026
- 2026SocialPersona: Benchmarking Personalized Profiling and Response with Multimodal Social-Media Context25 Jun 2026
- 2026ReMMD: Realistic Multilingual Multi-Image Agentic Verification for Multimodal Misinformation Detection23 Jun 2026
- 2026Generative AI and Digital Ecosystem Resilience: A Proactive Lifecycle-Based Survey28 May 2026
- 2026CommunityFact: A Dynamic, Multilingual, Multi-domain Benchmark for Misinformation Detection in the Wild28 May 2026
- 2026SURGE: An Event-Centric Social Media Sentiment Time Series Benchmark with Interaction Structure20 May 2026
- 2026RW-Post: Auditable Evidence-Grounded Multimodal Fact-Checking in the Wild11 May 2026
- 2026Are LLMs More Skeptical of Entertainment News?3 May 2026
- 2026Propagation Structure-Semantic Transfer Learning for Robust Fake News Detection27 Apr 2026
- 2026Human vs. Machine Deception: Distinguishing AI-Generated and Human-Written Fake News Using Ensemble Learning10 Apr 2026
- 2026Many Ways to Be Fake: Benchmarking Fake News Detection Under Strategy-Driven AI Generation10 Apr 2026
- 2026Graph Neural Networks for Misinformation Detection: Performance-Efficiency Trade-offs9 Apr 2026
- 2026DIA-HARM: Dialectal Disparities in Harmful Content Detection Across 50 English Dialects7 Apr 2026
- 2026LiveFact: A Dynamic, Time-Aware Benchmark for LLM-Driven Fake News Detection6 Apr 2026
- 2026CoALFake: Collaborative Active Learning with Human-LLM Co-Annotation for Cross-Domain Fake News Detection5 Apr 2026
- 2026Harmful Visual Content Manipulation Matters in Misinformation Detection Under Multimedia Scenarios22 Mar 2026
- 2026MALicious INTent Dataset and Inoculating LLMs for Enhanced Disinformation Detection15 Mar 2026
- 2026JailNewsBench: Multi-Lingual and Regional Benchmark for Fake News Generation under Jailbreak Attacks1 Mar 2026
- 2026TEGRA: Text Encoding With Graph and Retrieval Augmentation for Misinformation Detection11 Feb 2026
- 2026Large language models for spreading dynamics in complex systems8 Feb 2026
- 2026CoT is Not the Chain of Truth: An Empirical Internal Analysis of Reasoning LLMs for Fake News Generation4 Feb 2026
- 2026Cross-Domain Fake News Detection on Unseen Domains via LLM-Based Domain-Aware User Modeling2 Feb 2026
- 2026Robust Fake News Detection using Large Language Models under Adversarial Sentiment Attacks21 Jan 2026
- 2026Probing Multimodal Large Language Models on Cognitive Biases in Chinese Short-Video Misinformation10 Jan 2026
- 2026The Facade of Truth: Uncovering and Mitigating LLM Susceptibility to Deceptive Evidence9 Jan 2026
- 2026MisSpans: Fine-Grained False Span Identification in Cross-Domain Fake News8 Jan 2026
- 2026All That Glisters Is Not Gold: A Benchmark for Reference-Free Counterfactual Financial Misinformation Detection7 Jan 2026
- 2026Ahead of the Spread: Agent-Driven Virtual Propagation for Early Fake News Detection6 Jan 2026
- 2026Towards Comprehensive Stage-wise Benchmarking of Large Language Models in Fact-Checking6 Jan 2026
- 2025WISE: Web Information Satire and Fakeness Evaluation30 Dec 2025
- 2025RW-Post: Auditable Evidence-Grounded Multimodal Fact-Checking in the Wild28 Dec 2025
- 2025Agentic Multi-Persona Framework for Evidence-Aware Fake News Detection24 Dec 2025
- 2025The Impact of Data Characteristics on GNN Evaluation for Detecting Fake News7 Dec 2025
- 2025From Veracity to Diffusion: Adressing Operational Challenges in Moving From Fake-News Detection to Information Disorders2 Dec 2025
- 2025TAGFN: A Text-Attributed Graph Dataset for Fake News Detection in the Age of LLMs26 Nov 2025
- 2025A Cross-Cultural Assessment of Human Ability to Detect LLM-Generated Fake News about South Africa21 Nov 2025
- 2025Classification of worldwide news articles by perceived quality, 2018-202420 Nov 2025
- 2025Enhancing Multimodal Misinformation Detection by Replaying the Whole Story from Image Modality Perspective9 Nov 2025
50 newest of 281 All 281 (JSON)
- 2024MM-Soc: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models in Social Media Platformscited by 26
- 2025Seeing Through Deception: Uncovering Misleading Creator Intent in Multimodal News with Vision-Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024Large Visual-Language Models Are Also Good Classifiers: A Study of In-Context Multimodal Fake News Detectioncited by 2
- 2025DiFaR: Enhancing Multimodal Misinformation Detection with Diverse, Factual, and Relevant Rationalescited by 2
- 2026Probing Multimodal Large Language Models on Cognitive Biases in Chinese Short-Video Misinformationcited by 1
- 2025Images Amplify Misinformation Sharing in Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Probing Multimodal Large Language Models on Cognitive Biases in Chinese Short-Video Misinformation10 Jan 2026
- 2025DiFaR: Enhancing Multimodal Misinformation Detection with Diverse, Factual, and Relevant Rationales14 Aug 2025
- 2025Seeing Through Deception: Uncovering Misleading Creator Intent in Multimodal News with Vision-Language Models21 May 2025
- 2025Images Amplify Misinformation Sharing in Vision-Language Models19 May 2025
- 2024Large Visual-Language Models Are Also Good Classifiers: A Study of In-Context Multimodal Fake News Detection16 Jul 2024
- 2024MM-Soc: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models in Social Media Platforms21 Feb 2024
- 2025The Truth Becomes Clearer Through Debate! Multi-Agent Systems with Large Language Models Unmask Fake Newscited by 29
- 2025FACT-AUDIT: An Adaptive Multi-Agent Framework for Dynamic Fact-Checking Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2024Large Language Model-driven Multi-Agent Simulation for News Diffusion Under Different Network Structurescited by 14
- 2024Large Language Model Agent for Fake News Detectioncited by 12
- 2026Ahead of the Spread: Agent-Driven Virtual Propagation for Early Fake News Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Ahead of the Spread: Agent-Driven Virtual Propagation for Early Fake News Detection6 Jan 2026
- 2025The Truth Becomes Clearer Through Debate! Multi-Agent Systems with Large Language Models Unmask Fake News13 May 2025
- 2025FACT-AUDIT: An Adaptive Multi-Agent Framework for Dynamic Fact-Checking Evaluation of Large Language Models25 Feb 2025
- 2024Large Language Model-driven Multi-Agent Simulation for News Diffusion Under Different Network Structures16 Oct 2024
- 2024Large Language Model Agent for Fake News Detection30 Apr 2024
- 2026JailNewsBench: Multi-Lingual and Regional Benchmark for Fake News Generation under Jailbreak Attackscited by 6
- 2024Fighting Fire with Fire: Adversarial Prompting to Generate a Misinformation Detection Datasetcited by 3
- 2023CONTAIN: A Community-based Algorithm for Network Immunizationcited by 2
- 2026DIA-HARM: Dialectal Disparities in Harmful Content Detection Across 50 English Dialectscited by 1
- 2026DIA-HARM: Dialectal Disparities in Harmful Content Detection Across 50 English Dialects7 Apr 2026
- 2026JailNewsBench: Multi-Lingual and Regional Benchmark for Fake News Generation under Jailbreak Attacks1 Mar 2026
- 2024Fighting Fire with Fire: Adversarial Prompting to Generate a Misinformation Detection Dataset9 Jan 2024
- 2023CONTAIN: A Community-based Algorithm for Network Immunization3 Mar 2023
- 2025Worse than Zero-shot? A Fact-Checking Dataset for Evaluating the Robustness of RAG Against Misleading Retrievalscited by 27
- 2025Hallucination to Truth: A Review of Fact-Checking and Factuality Evaluation in Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025ADMIT: Few-shot Knowledge Poisoning Attacks on RAG-based Fact Checkingcited by 9
- 2025ADMIT: Few-shot Knowledge Poisoning Attacks on RAG-based Fact Checking11 Oct 2025
- 2025Hallucination to Truth: A Review of Fact-Checking and Factuality Evaluation in Large Language Models5 Aug 2025
- 2025Worse than Zero-shot? A Fact-Checking Dataset for Evaluating the Robustness of RAG Against Misleading Retrievals22 Feb 2025
- 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 376
- 2023Can LLM-Generated Misinformation Be Detected?cited by 173
- 2024Benchmark Data Contamination of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 138
- 2021NewsCLIPpings: Automatic Generation of Out-of-Context Multimodal Mediacited by 106
- 2022End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Modelscited by 105
- 2021User Preference-aware Fake News Detectioncited by 76
- 2023Bad Actor, Good Advisor: Exploring the Role of Large Language Models in Fake News Detectioncited by 69
- 2023Fake News in Sheep's Clothing: Robust Fake News Detection Against LLM-Empowered Style Attackscited by 69
- 2022MDFEND: Multi-domain Fake News Detectioncited by 68
- 2021DialFact: A Benchmark for Fact-Checking in Dialoguecited by 62
- 2024MMFakeBench: A Mixed-Source Multimodal Misinformation Detection Benchmark for LVLMscited by 60
- 2022MuMiN: A Large-Scale Multilingual Multimodal Fact-Checked Misinformation Social Network Datasetcited by 59
12 most cited of 260 All 260 (JSON)
- 2026RAEGNet: Relation-Aware Evidence Graph Network for Harm-Aware Multimodal Fake News Detection29 Sep 2026
- 2026Rethinking Multimodal Fake News Detection in the Generative AI Era29 Sep 2026
- 2026Fake News Theories: Harnessing Disciplinary Insights for Computational Modeling, Detection, and Explanation24 Sep 2026
- 2026An Explainable Coherence Score for Detecting Temporal Inconsistencies in Political News29 Aug 2026
- 2026RCMN: Understanding Misleadingness in Influential Public Discourse27 Aug 2026
- 2026MRAFnd: Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Framework for Zero-Shot Fake News Detection2 Aug 2026
- 2026Semantics of Subterfuge: Benchmarking Legal Deception Detection Against General-domain State-of-the-Art31 Jul 2026
- 2026Verification-Notebook Learning for Source-Aware Multimodal Misinformation Detection26 Jul 2026
- 2026GPE: Evaluating Robust Evidence Aggregation for Fact Verification under Controllable GEO-Style Poisoning22 Jul 2026
- 2026FakeSpotter: A content and strategy agnostic Viral Misinformation Detection Tool20 Jul 2026
- 2026DeLIVeR: Decomposed Learning for Information-grounded Veracity Recognition via Reinforced Knowledge Graph Exploration20 Jul 2026
- 2026Large Language Models in Misinformation Ecosystems: Misuse, Defense, and Vulnerability11 Jul 2026
12 newest of 260 All 260 (JSON)