mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

HoVer: A Dataset for Many-Hop Fact Extraction And Claim Verification

arXiv 2011.03088 ↗First posted 5 Nov 2020cs.CL cs.AIcited by 199

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Cited by 21 in LLM agents and tool use, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce HoVer (HOppy VERification), a dataset for many-hop evidence extraction and fact verification. It challenges models to extract facts from several Wikipedia articles that are relevant to a claim and classify whether the claim is Supported or Not-Supported by the facts. In HoVer, the claims require evidence to be extracted from as many as four English Wikipedia articles and embody reasoning graphs of diverse shapes. Moreover, most of the 3/4-hop claims are written in multiple sentences, which adds to the complexity of understanding long-range dependency relations such as coreference. We show that the performance of an existing state-of-the-art semantic-matching model degrades significantly on our dataset as the number of reasoning hops increases, hence demonstrating the necessity of many-hop reasoning to achieve strong results. We hope that the introduction of this challenging dataset and the accompanying evaluation task will encourage research in many-hop fact retrieval and information verification. We make the HoVer dataset publicly available at https://hover-nlp.github.io

Key facts. Cited by 199 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Nov 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 17; 2022: 16; 2023: 26; 2024: 41; 2025: 43; 2026: 56.

199 papers.

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  1. 2021MuSiQue: Multihop Questions via Single-hop Question Compositioncited by 893
  2. 2024NV-Embed: Improved Techniques for Training LLMs as Generalist Embedding Modelscited by 466
  3. 2021ColBERTv2: Effective and Efficient Retrieval via Lightweight Late Interactioncited by 464
  4. 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 376
  5. 2022Demonstrate-Search-Predict: Composing retrieval and language models for knowledge-intensive NLPcited by 316
  6. 2024Optimizing Instructions and Demonstrations for Multi-Stage Language Model Programscited by 270
  7. 2024MultiHop-RAG: Benchmarking Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Multi-Hop Queriescited by 253
  8. 2021Get Your Vitamin C! Robust Fact Verification with Contrastive Evidencecited by 222
  9. 2023Survey on Factuality in Large Language Models: Knowledge, Retrieval and Domain-Specificitycited by 204
  10. 2021FEVEROUS: Fact Extraction and VERification Over Unstructured and Structured informationcited by 166
  11. 2023Fact-Checking Complex Claims with Program-Guided Reasoningcited by 146
  12. 2021ContractNLI: A Dataset for Document-level Natural Language Inference for Contractscited by 145
38 more
  1. 2023Complex Claim Verification with Evidence Retrieved in the Wildcited by 110
  2. 2021COVID-Fact: Fact Extraction and Verification of Real-World Claims on COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 100
  3. 2022Generating Literal and Implied Subquestions to Fact-check Complex Claimscited by 66
  4. 2021Baleen: Robust Multi-Hop Reasoning at Scale via Condensed Retrievalcited by 63
  5. 2021DialFact: A Benchmark for Fact-Checking in Dialoguecited by 62
  6. 2025A Systematic Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization Techniquescited by 61
  7. 2022MuMiN: A Large-Scale Multilingual Multimodal Fact-Checked Misinformation Social Network Datasetcited by 59
  8. 2025A Survey of LLM-based Deep Search Agents: Paradigm, Optimization, Evaluation, and Challengescited by 58
  9. 2023FactKG: Fact Verification via Reasoning on Knowledge Graphscited by 57
  10. 2023Scientific Fact-Checking: A Survey of Resources and Approachescited by 53
  11. 2022Generating Natural Language Proofs with Verifier-Guided Searchcited by 52
  12. 2023SCITAB: A Challenging Benchmark for Compositional Reasoning and Claim Verification on Scientific Tablescited by 51
  13. 2021Fool Me Twice: Entailment from Wikipedia Gamificationcited by 50
  14. 2025Llama-Embed-Nemotron-8B: A Universal Text Embedding Model for Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Taskscited by 46
  15. 2022Missing Counter-Evidence Renders NLP Fact-Checking Unrealistic for Misinformationcited by 45
  16. 2022Stretching Sentence-pair NLI Models to Reason over Long Documents and Clusterscited by 44
  17. 2021Mention Memory: incorporating textual knowledge into Transformers through entity mention attentioncited by 42
  18. 2025Feedback Descent: Open-Ended Text Optimization via Pairwise Comparisoncited by 42
  19. 2021AmbiFC: Fact-Checking Ambiguous Claims with Evidencecited by 38
  20. 2022CHEF: A Pilot Chinese Dataset for Evidence-Based Fact-Checkingcited by 37
  21. 2023Explainable Claim Verification via Knowledge-Grounded Reasoning with Large Language Modelscited by 37
  22. 2021FaVIQ: FAct Verification from Information-seeking Questionscited by 36
  23. 2023EX-FEVER: A Dataset for Multi-hop Explainable Fact Verificationcited by 36
  24. 2023FactCHD: Benchmarking Fact-Conflicting Hallucination Detectioncited by 29
  25. 2025Show Me the Work: Fact-Checkers' Requirements for Explainable Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 29
  26. 2024A Survey of Useful LLM Evaluationcited by 28
  27. 2025Single-agent or Multi-agent Systems? Why Not Both?cited by 28
  28. 2023QACHECK: A Demonstration System for Question-Guided Multi-Hop Fact-Checkingcited by 26
  29. 2023FACTIFY-5WQA: 5W Aspect-based Fact Verification through Question Answeringcited by 24
  30. 2024Claim Verification in the Age of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 23
  31. 2021ReasonBERT: Pre-trained to Reason with Distant Supervisioncited by 22
  32. 2024QuanTemp: A real-world open-domain benchmark for fact-checking numerical claimscited by 22
  33. 2023Self-prompted Chain-of-Thought on Large Language Models for Open-domain Multi-hop Reasoningcited by 21
  34. 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Reinforcement Learning-based Agentic Search: Foundations, Roles, Optimizations, Evaluations, and Applicationscited by 21
  35. 2024Generative Large Language Models in Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 19
  36. 2024FinDVer: Explainable Claim Verification over Long and Hybrid-Content Financial Documentscited by 19
  37. 2025FACT-AUDIT: An Adaptive Multi-Agent Framework for Dynamic Fact-Checking Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 19
  38. 2024Ev2R: Evaluating Evidence Retrieval in Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 18

50 most cited of 199 All 199 (JSON)