Delving into Localization Errors for Monocular 3D Object Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Estimating 3D bounding boxes from monocular images is an essential component in autonomous driving, while accurate 3D object detection from this kind of data is very challenging. In this work, by intensive diagnosis experiments, we quantify the impact introduced by each sub-task and found the `localization error' is the vital factor in restricting monocular 3D detection. Besides, we also investigate the underlying reasons behind localization errors, analyze the issues they might bring, and propose three strategies. First, we revisit the misalignment between the center of the 2D bounding box and the projected center of the 3D object, which is a vital factor leading to low localization accuracy. Second, we observe that accurately localizing distant objects with existing technologies is almost impossible, while those samples will mislead the learned network. To this end, we propose to remove such samples from the training set for improving the overall performance of the detector. Lastly, we also propose a novel 3D IoU oriented loss for the size estimation of the object, which is not affected by `localization error'. We conduct extensive experiments on the KITTI dataset, where the proposed method achieves real-time detection and outperforms previous methods by a large margin. The code will be made available at: https://github.com/xinzhuma/monodle.
Key facts. Cited by 138 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2021.
Builds on
36 of 46 references.
References · 36
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- 2017What Uncertainties Do We Need in Bayesian Deep Learning for Computer Vision?cited by 2,335
- 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
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- 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
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- 2018CornerNet: Detecting Objects as Paired Keypointscited by 763
- 2017Focal Loss for Dense Object Detectioncited by 749
- 2016Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 721
24 more
- 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 721
- 2018Deformable ConvNets v2: More Deformable, Better Resultscited by 666
- 2017Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Datacited by 640
- 2016Training Region-based Object Detectors with Online Hard Example Miningcited by 577
- 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 455
- 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
- 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 277
- 2019M3D-RPN: Monocular 3D Region Proposal Network for Object Detectioncited by 251
- 2019Disentangling Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 215
- 2020SMOKE: Single-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detection via Keypoint Estimationcited by 202
- 2018Orthographic Feature Transform for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 201
- 2019Learning Depth-Guided Convolutions for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 169
- 2020MonoPair: Monocular 3D Object Detection Using Pairwise Spatial Relationshipscited by 153
- 2019Accurate Monocular Object Detection via Color-Embedded 3D Reconstruction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
- 2019IoU Loss for 2D/3D Object Detectioncited by 128
- 2018ROI-10D: Monocular Lifting of 2D Detection to 6D Pose and Metric Shapecited by 123
- 2020Kinematic 3D Object Detection in Monocular Videocited by 116
- 2020TIDE: A General Toolbox for Identifying Object Detection Errorscited by 113
- 2020Rethinking Pseudo-LiDAR Representationcited by 109
- 2019GS3D: An Efficient 3D Object Detection Framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 106
- 2020DSGN: Deep Stereo Geometry Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 100
- 2017Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular imagecited by 95
- 2018MonoGRNet: A Geometric Reasoning Network for Monocular 3D Object Localizationcited by 84
- 2020Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled Structured Polygon Estimation and Height-Guided Depth Estimationcited by 43
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 45; 2023: 34; 2024: 31; 2025: 12; 2026: 4.
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- 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 159
- 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022Vision-Centric BEV Perception: A Surveycited by 126
- 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
- 2022MonoDTR: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Transformercited by 108
- 20213D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 106
- 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
- 2022MonoDETR: Depth-guided Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 85
- 2024RCBEVDet: Radar-camera Fusion in Bird's Eye View for 3D Object Detectioncited by 82
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- 2026Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion using Hybrid Attention for Autonomous Driving6 Apr 2026
- 2026Selective Transfer Learning of Cross-Modality Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detection8 Mar 2026
- 2026Systematic Evaluation of Depth Backbones and Semantic Cues for Monocular Pseudo-LiDAR 3D Detection7 Jan 2026
- 2025Auto-Vocabulary 3D Object Detection18 Dec 2025
- 2025LeAD-M3D: Leveraging Asymmetric Distillation for Real-Time Monocular 3D Detection5 Dec 2025
- 2025IDEAL-M3D: Instance Diversity-Enriched Active Learning for Monocular 3D Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025Dataset Safety in Autonomous Driving: Requirements, Risks, and Assurance11 Nov 2025
- 2025Adaptive Dual Uncertainty Optimization: Boosting Monocular 3D Object Detection under Test-Time Shifts28 Aug 2025
- 2025CHARM3R: Towards Unseen Camera Height Robust Monocular 3D Detector15 Aug 2025
- 2025Collaborative Perceiver: Elevating Vision-based 3D Object Detection via Local Density-Aware Spatial Occupancy28 Jul 2025
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Chain-of-Prediction for Monocular 3D Object Detection7 May 2025
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