mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Delving into Localization Errors for Monocular 3D Object Detection

arXiv 2103.16237 ↗First posted 30 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 138

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Abstract (arXiv)

Estimating 3D bounding boxes from monocular images is an essential component in autonomous driving, while accurate 3D object detection from this kind of data is very challenging. In this work, by intensive diagnosis experiments, we quantify the impact introduced by each sub-task and found the `localization error' is the vital factor in restricting monocular 3D detection. Besides, we also investigate the underlying reasons behind localization errors, analyze the issues they might bring, and propose three strategies. First, we revisit the misalignment between the center of the 2D bounding box and the projected center of the 3D object, which is a vital factor leading to low localization accuracy. Second, we observe that accurately localizing distant objects with existing technologies is almost impossible, while those samples will mislead the learned network. To this end, we propose to remove such samples from the training set for improving the overall performance of the detector. Lastly, we also propose a novel 3D IoU oriented loss for the size estimation of the object, which is not affected by `localization error'. We conduct extensive experiments on the KITTI dataset, where the proposed method achieves real-time detection and outperforms previous methods by a large margin. The code will be made available at: https://github.com/xinzhuma/monodle.

Key facts. Cited by 138 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2021.

Builds on

36 of 46 references.

References · 36

  1. 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,829
  2. 2017What Uncertainties Do We Need in Bayesian Deep Learning for Computer Vision?cited by 2,335
  3. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
  4. 2017Deformable Convolutional Networkscited by 1,481
  5. 2019Generalized Intersection over Union: A Metric and A Loss for Bounding Box Regressioncited by 1,361
  6. 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
  7. 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
  8. 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 939
  9. 2016Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Left-Right Consistencycited by 819
  10. 2018CornerNet: Detecting Objects as Paired Keypointscited by 763
  11. 2017Focal Loss for Dense Object Detectioncited by 749
  12. 2016Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 721
24 more
  1. 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 721
  2. 2018Deformable ConvNets v2: More Deformable, Better Resultscited by 666
  3. 2017Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Datacited by 640
  4. 2016Training Region-based Object Detectors with Online Hard Example Miningcited by 577
  5. 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 455
  6. 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
  7. 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 277
  8. 2019M3D-RPN: Monocular 3D Region Proposal Network for Object Detectioncited by 251
  9. 2019Disentangling Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 215
  10. 2020SMOKE: Single-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detection via Keypoint Estimationcited by 202
  11. 2018Orthographic Feature Transform for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 201
  12. 2019Learning Depth-Guided Convolutions for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 169
  13. 2020MonoPair: Monocular 3D Object Detection Using Pairwise Spatial Relationshipscited by 153
  14. 2019Accurate Monocular Object Detection via Color-Embedded 3D Reconstruction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
  15. 2019IoU Loss for 2D/3D Object Detectioncited by 128
  16. 2018ROI-10D: Monocular Lifting of 2D Detection to 6D Pose and Metric Shapecited by 123
  17. 2020Kinematic 3D Object Detection in Monocular Videocited by 116
  18. 2020TIDE: A General Toolbox for Identifying Object Detection Errorscited by 113
  19. 2020Rethinking Pseudo-LiDAR Representationcited by 109
  20. 2019GS3D: An Efficient 3D Object Detection Framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 106
  21. 2020DSGN: Deep Stereo Geometry Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 100
  22. 2017Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular imagecited by 95
  23. 2018MonoGRNet: A Geometric Reasoning Network for Monocular 3D Object Localizationcited by 84
  24. 2020Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled Structured Polygon Estimation and Height-Guided Depth Estimationcited by 43

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 45; 2023: 34; 2024: 31; 2025: 12; 2026: 4.

138 papers.

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  1. 2022BEVerse: Unified Perception and Prediction in Birds-Eye-View for Vision-Centric Autonomous Drivingcited by 191
  2. 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 159
  3. 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
  4. 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
  5. 2022Vision-Centric BEV Perception: A Surveycited by 126
  6. 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
  7. 2022MonoDTR: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Transformercited by 108
  8. 20213D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 106
  9. 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
  10. 2022MonoDETR: Depth-guided Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 85
  11. 2024RCBEVDet: Radar-camera Fusion in Bird's Eye View for 3D Object Detectioncited by 82
  12. 2022Rope3D: TheRoadside Perception Dataset for Autonomous Driving and Monocular 3D Object Detection Taskcited by 79
38 more
  1. 2023BEVHeight: A Robust Framework for Vision-based Roadside 3D Object Detectioncited by 74
  2. 2022MonoDistill: Learning Spatial Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 68
  3. 2021Learning Auxiliary Monocular Contexts Helps Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
  4. 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
  5. 2022CRAFT: Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection with Spatio-Contextual Fusion Transformercited by 66
  6. 2023CoDA: Collaborative Novel Box Discovery and Cross-modal Alignment for Open-vocabulary 3D Object Detectioncited by 51
  7. 2022DEVIANT: Depth EquiVarIAnt NeTwork for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 48
  8. 2022Cross-Modality Knowledge Distillation Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 48
  9. 2022Diversity Matters: Fully Exploiting Depth Clues for Reliable Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 45
  10. 2023DistillBEV: Boosting Multi-Camera 3D Object Detection with Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillationcited by 41
  11. 2022DID-M3D: Decoupling Instance Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 39
  12. 2022Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth from Motioncited by 38
  13. 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depthscited by 38
  14. 2022MonoGround: Detecting Monocular 3D Objects from the Groundcited by 37
  15. 2024Ray Denoising: Depth-aware Hard Negative Sampling for Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 36
  16. 2022Graph-DETR3D: Rethinking Overlapping Regions for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 35
  17. 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 35
  18. 2022MonoJSG: Joint Semantic and Geometric Cost Volume for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
  19. 2021Lidar Point Cloud Guided Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
  20. 2023BEVHeight++: Toward Robust Visual Centric 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
  21. 2022Untargeted Backdoor Attack against Object Detectioncited by 28
  22. 2022LET-3D-AP: Longitudinal Error Tolerant 3D Average Precision for Camera-Only 3D Detectioncited by 27
  23. 2022Densely Constrained Depth Estimator for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 27
  24. 2022Homography Loss for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 24
  25. 2022Mix-Teaching: A Simple, Unified and Effective Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
  26. 2022OPA-3D: Occlusion-Aware Pixel-Wise Aggregation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
  27. 2022Boosting 3D Object Detection by Simulating Multimodality on Point Cloudscited by 22
  28. 2023Object Detection with Transformers: A Reviewcited by 22
  29. 2023Mono3DVG: 3D Visual Grounding in Monocular Imagescited by 22
  30. 2023MonoPGC: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Pixel Geometry Contextscited by 21
  31. 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priorscited by 21
  32. 2021Learning Geometry-Guided Depth via Projective Modeling for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 20
  33. 2022BEV-SAN: Accurate BEV 3D Object Detection via Slice Attention Networkscited by 20
  34. 2023MonoGAE: Roadside Monocular 3D Object Detection with Ground-Aware Embeddingscited by 20
  35. 2022WeakM3D: Towards Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 18
  36. 2023Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detection using Multi-View Projection and Direction Consistencycited by 18
  37. 2023CoBEV: Elevating Roadside 3D Object Detection with Depth and Height Complementaritycited by 18
  38. 2023MonoLSS: Learnable Sample Selection For Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 18

50 most cited of 138 All 138 (JSON)