mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Deep Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing: A Survey

arXiv 2106.14948 ↗First posted 28 Jun 2021cs.CVcited by 64

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Face anti-spoofing (FAS) has lately attracted increasing attention due to its vital role in securing face recognition systems from presentation attacks (PAs). As more and more realistic PAs with novel types spring up, traditional FAS methods based on handcrafted features become unreliable due to their limited representation capacity. With the emergence of large-scale academic datasets in the recent decade, deep learning based FAS achieves remarkable performance and dominates this area. However, existing reviews in this field mainly focus on the handcrafted features, which are outdated and uninspiring for the progress of FAS community. In this paper, to stimulate future research, we present the first comprehensive review of recent advances in deep learning based FAS. It covers several novel and insightful components: 1) besides supervision with binary label (e.g., '0' for bonafide vs. '1' for PAs), we also investigate recent methods with pixel-wise supervision (e.g., pseudo depth map); 2) in addition to traditional intra-dataset evaluation, we collect and analyze the latest methods specially designed for domain generalization and open-set FAS; and 3) besides commercial RGB camera, we summarize the deep learning applications under multi-modal (e.g., depth and infrared) or specialized (e.g., light field and flash) sensors. We conclude this survey by emphasizing current open issues and highlighting potential prospects.

Key facts. Cited by 64 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 93 of its 257 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Jun 2021.

Builds on

93 of 257 references.

References · 93

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  3. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  4. 2016Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Datacited by 7,592
  5. 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
  6. 2016Densely Connected Convolutional Networkscited by 6,691
  7. 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,690
  8. 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,845
  9. 2018MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottleneckscited by 4,773
  10. 2015SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detectorcited by 3,125
  11. 2017In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identificationcited by 784
  12. 2020DeepFakes and Beyond: A Survey of Face Manipulation and Fake Detectioncited by 231
38 more
  1. 2020Universal Source-Free Domain Adaptationcited by 219
  2. 2020Searching Central Difference Convolutional Networks for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 173
  3. 2018Learning Deep Models for Face Anti-Spoofing: Binary or Auxiliary Supervisioncited by 167
  4. 2019AdvHat: Real-world adversarial attack on ArcFace Face ID systemcited by 161
  5. 2019FakeCatcher: Detection of Synthetic Portrait Videos using Biological Signalscited by 143
  6. 2020Single-Side Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 139
  7. 2020CelebA-Spoof: Large-Scale Face Anti-Spoofing Dataset with Rich Annotationscited by 109
  8. 2020NAS-FAS: Static-Dynamic Central Difference Network Search for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 104
  9. 2021Adv-Makeup: A New Imperceptible and Transferable Attack on Face Recognitioncited by 95
  10. 2020Cross-domain Face Presentation Attack Detection via Multi-domain Disentangled Representation Learningcited by 93
  11. 2019Remote Heart Rate Measurement from Highly Compressed Facial Videos: an End-to-end Deep Learning Solution with Video Enhancementcited by 86
  12. 2019Regularized Fine-grained Meta Face Anti-spoofingcited by 86
  13. 2015face anti-spoofing based on color texture analysiscited by 82
  14. 2017A General Framework for Adversarial Examples with Objectivescited by 82
  15. 2014Learn Convolutional Neural Network for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 80
  16. 2019Biometric Face Presentation Attack Detection with Multi-Channel Convolutional Neural Networkcited by 78
  17. 2020Video-based Remote Physiological Measurement via Cross-verified Feature Disentanglingcited by 78
  18. 2019Deep Pixel-wise Binary Supervision for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 76
  19. 2019Deep Tree Learning for Zero-shot Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 73
  20. 2020Deep Spatial Gradient and Temporal Depth Learning for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 70
  21. 2020CASIA-SURF CeFA: A Benchmark for Multi-modal Cross-ethnicity Face Anti-spoofingcited by 66
  22. 2020Face Anti-Spoofing Via Disentangled Representation Learningcited by 65
  23. 2020Face Anti-Spoofing with Human Material Perceptioncited by 62
  24. 2020On Disentangling Spoof Trace for Generic Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 62
  25. 2019CASIA-SURF: A Large-scale Multi-modal Benchmark for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 61
  26. 2020Learning Meta Face Recognition in Unseen Domainscited by 61
  27. 2018Face De-Spoofing: Anti-Spoofing via Noise Modelingcited by 60
  28. 2018A Dataset and Benchmark for Large-scale Multi-modal Face Anti-spoofingcited by 51
  29. 2021Self-Domain Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 49
  30. 2021Dual-Cross Central Difference Network for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 47
  31. 2021Generalizable Representation Learning for Mixture Domain Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 46
  32. 2020Revisiting Pixel-Wise Supervision for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 45
  33. 2019Learning Meta Model for Zero- and Few-shot Face Anti-spoofingcited by 44
  34. 2020On the Effectiveness of Vision Transformers for Zero-shot Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 44
  35. 2021Contrastive Context-Aware Learning for 3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 43
  36. 2021Cross Modal Focal Loss for RGBD Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 41
  37. 2021TransRPPG: Remote Photoplethysmography Transformer for 3D Mask Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 41
  38. 2020Multi-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing Based on Central Difference Networkscited by 36

50 most cited of 93 All 93 (JSON)

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 10; 2023: 24; 2024: 8; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.

64 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2022Thin-Plate Spline Motion Model for Image Animationcited by 209
  2. 2021PhysFormer: Facial Video-based Physiological Measurement with Temporal Difference Transformercited by 118
  3. 2022Domain Generalization via Shuffled Style Assembly for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 73
  4. 2023PhysFormer++: Facial Video-based Physiological Measurement with SlowFast Temporal Difference Transformercited by 46
  5. 2023FLIP: Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing with Language Guidancecited by 45
  6. 2021Learning Meta Pattern for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 29
  7. 2022Benchmarking Joint Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Visual and Physiological Cuescited by 24
  8. 2021Dual Spoof Disentanglement Generation for Face Anti-spoofing with Depth Uncertainty Learningcited by 20
  9. 2022Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing: A Benchmarkcited by 20
  10. 20213D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challengecited by 18
  11. 2022Digital and Physical Face Attacks: Reviewing and One Step Furthercited by 17
  12. 2024Towards Data-Centric Face Anti-Spoofing: Improving Cross-domain Generalization via Physics-based Data Synthesiscited by 16
38 more
  1. 2023Dual-path TokenLearner for Remote Photoplethysmography-based Physiological Measurement with Facial Videoscited by 15
  2. 2022ViTransPAD: Video Transformer using convolution and self-attention for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 14
  3. 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognitioncited by 13
  4. 2022Topology and geometry of data manifold in deep learningcited by 12
  5. 2023Rehearsal-Free Domain Continual Face Anti-Spoofing: Generalize More and Forget Lesscited by 12
  6. 2021Facial Depth and Normal Estimation using Single Dual-Pixel Cameracited by 11
  7. 2023S-Adapter: Generalizing Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofing with Statistical Tokenscited by 11
  8. 2021Consistency Regularization for Deep Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 10
  9. 2023Visual Prompt Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 9
  10. 2024La-SoftMoE CLIP for Unified Physical-Digital Face Attack Detectioncited by 8
  11. 2024DiffFAS: Face Anti-Spoofing via Generative Diffusion Modelscited by 7
  12. 2025FaceShield: Explainable Face Anti-Spoofing with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 6
  13. 2023Deep neural networks architectures from the perspective of manifold learningcited by 5
  14. 2023Fine-Grained Annotation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 4
  15. 2022Exposing Fine-Grained Adversarial Vulnerability of Face Anti-Spoofing Modelscited by 3
  16. 2023AdvFAS: A robust face anti-spoofing framework against adversarial examplescited by 3
  17. 2025InstructFLIP: Exploring Unified Vision-Language Model for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 3
  18. 2022Impact of Face Image Quality Estimation on Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 2
  19. 2023Wild Face Anti-Spoofing Challenge 2023: Benchmark and Resultscited by 2
  20. 2023Flickr-PAD: New Face High-Resolution Presentation Attack Detection Databasecited by 2
  21. 2023Robust face anti-spoofing framework with Convolutional Vision Transformercited by 2
  22. 2023One-shot lip-based biometric authentication: extending behavioral features with authentication phrase informationcited by 2
  23. 2023TeG-DG: Textually Guided Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 2
  24. 2024Principles of Designing Robust Remote Face Anti-Spoofing Systemscited by 2
  25. 2024Rethinking the Threat and Accessibility of Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognition Systemscited by 2
  26. 2025Learning Knowledge-based Prompts for Robust 3D Mask Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 2
  27. 2021Deep Learning meets Liveness Detection: Recent Advancements and Challengescited by 1
  28. 2023Vulnerability of Face Morphing Attacks: A Case Study on Lookalike and Identical Twinscited by 1
  29. 2023Mask Attack Detection Using Vascular-weighted Motion-robust rPPG Signalscited by 1
  30. 2023Hyperbolic Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
  31. 2023IFAST: Weakly Supervised Interpretable Face Anti-spoofing from Single-shot Binocular NIR Imagescited by 1
  32. 2023Flow-Attention-based Spatio-Temporal Aggregation Network for 3D Mask Detectioncited by 1
  33. 2025Exploring Task-Solving Paradigm for Generalized Cross-Domain Face Anti-Spoofing via Reinforcement Fine-Tuningcited by 1
  34. 2022Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 0
  35. 2023Spatiotemporal Pyramidal CNN with Depth-Wise Separable Convolution for Eye Blinking Detection in the Wildcited by 0
  36. 2023FedSIS: Federated Split Learning with Intermediate Representation Sampling for Privacy-preserving Generalized Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 0
  37. 2023Enhancing Mobile Face Anti-Spoofing: A Robust Framework for Diverse Attack Types under Screen Flashcited by 0
  38. 2023Distributional Estimation of Data Uncertainty for Surveillance Face Anti-spoofingcited by 0

50 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)