mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Learning Deep Models for Face Anti-Spoofing: Binary or Auxiliary Supervision

arXiv 1803.11097 ↗First posted 29 Mar 2018cs.CVcited by 167

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Face anti-spoofing is the crucial step to prevent face recognition systems from a security breach. Previous deep learning approaches formulate face anti-spoofing as a binary classification problem. Many of them struggle to grasp adequate spoofing cues and generalize poorly. In this paper, we argue the importance of auxiliary supervision to guide the learning toward discriminative and generalizable cues. A CNN-RNN model is learned to estimate the face depth with pixel-wise supervision, and to estimate rPPG signals with sequence-wise supervision. Then we fuse the estimated depth and rPPG to distinguish live vs. spoof faces. In addition, we introduce a new face anti-spoofing database that covers a large range of illumination, subject, and pose variations. Experimental results show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance on both intra-database and cross-database testing.

Key facts. Cited by 167 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2018.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 46; 2022: 33; 2023: 26; 2024: 24; 2025: 24; 2026: 14.

167 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2022Domain Generalization via Shuffled Style Assembly for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 73
  2. 2022PatchNet: A Simple Face Anti-Spoofing Framework via Fine-Grained Patch Recognitioncited by 67
  3. 2021Deep Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing: A Surveycited by 64
  4. 2021Self-Domain Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 49
  5. 2021Adaptive Normalized Representation Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 49
  6. 2021Camera Measurement of Physiological Vital Signscited by 49
  7. 2021Dual-Cross Central Difference Network for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 47
  8. 2021Dual Reweighting Domain Generalization for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 47
  9. 2023Rethinking Domain Generalization for Face Anti-spoofing: Separability and Alignmentcited by 47
  10. 2021Generalizable Representation Learning for Mixture Domain Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 46
  11. 2021Contrastive Context-Aware Learning for 3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 43
  12. 2023Instance-Aware Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 42
38 more
  1. 2021TransRPPG: Remote Photoplethysmography Transformer for 3D Mask Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 41
  2. 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verifycited by 39
  3. 2022Multi-domain Learning for Updating Face Anti-spoofing Modelscited by 39
  4. 2024SHIELD : An Evaluation Benchmark for Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 39
  5. 2024CFPL-FAS: Class Free Prompt Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-spoofingcited by 39
  6. 2022Adaptive Transformers for Robust Few-shot Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofingcited by 38
  7. 2021Detection and Continual Learning of Novel Face Presentation Attackscited by 33
  8. 2021Meta-Teacher For Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 33
  9. 2022Generative Domain Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 33
  10. 2021Unified Detection of Digital and Physical Face Attackscited by 31
  11. 2021Learning Meta Pattern for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 29
  12. 2022Adaptive Mixture of Experts Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 28
  13. 2022Benchmarking Joint Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Visual and Physiological Cuescited by 24
  14. 2021Feature Generation and Hypothesis Verification for Reliable Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 23
  15. 2023FM-ViT: Flexible Modal Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 22
  16. 2021Real Masks and Spoof Faces: On the Masked Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 20
  17. 2021Dual Spoof Disentanglement Generation for Face Anti-spoofing with Depth Uncertainty Learningcited by 20
  18. 2022Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing: A Benchmarkcited by 20
  19. 2024Test-Time Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 20
  20. 2023Rethinking Vision Transformer and Masked Autoencoder in Multimodal Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 19
  21. 2021Structure Destruction and Content Combination for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 18
  22. 20213D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challengecited by 18
  23. 2021Learnable Multi-level Frequency Decomposition and Hierarchical Attention Mechanism for Generalized Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 18
  24. 2023MA-ViT: Modality-Agnostic Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 18
  25. 2022Digital and Physical Face Attacks: Reviewing and One Step Furthercited by 17
  26. 2024Unified Physical-Digital Face Attack Detectioncited by 17
  27. 2024Towards Data-Centric Face Anti-Spoofing: Improving Cross-domain Generalization via Physics-based Data Synthesiscited by 16
  28. 2021Iris Presentation Attack Detection by Attention-based and Deep Pixel-wise Binary Supervision Networkcited by 15
  29. 2022ViTransPAD: Video Transformer using convolution and self-attention for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 14
  30. 2025FoundPAD: Foundation Models Reloaded for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 14
  31. 2022Fairness in Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 13
  32. 2022One-Class Knowledge Distillation for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 12
  33. 2023Surveillance Face Anti-spoofingcited by 12
  34. 2023Rehearsal-Free Domain Continual Face Anti-Spoofing: Generalize More and Forget Lesscited by 12
  35. 2025Face-Human-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Face and Human Understanding for Multi-modal Assistantscited by 12
  36. 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics and Recent Advancescited by 11
  37. 2023S-Adapter: Generalizing Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofing with Statistical Tokenscited by 11
  38. 2021Novelty Detection via Contrastive Learning with Negative Data Augmentationcited by 10

50 most cited of 167 All 167 (JSON)