mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Face De-Spoofing: Anti-Spoofing via Noise Modeling

arXiv 1807.09968 ↗First posted 26 Jul 2018cs.CVcited by 60

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Abstract (arXiv)

Many prior face anti-spoofing works develop discriminative models for recognizing the subtle differences between live and spoof faces. Those approaches often regard the image as an indivisible unit, and process it holistically, without explicit modeling of the spoofing process. In this work, motivated by the noise modeling and denoising algorithms, we identify a new problem of face de-spoofing, for the purpose of anti-spoofing: inversely decomposing a spoof face into a spoof noise and a live face, and then utilizing the spoof noise for classification. A CNN architecture with proper constraints and supervisions is proposed to overcome the problem of having no ground truth for the decomposition. We evaluate the proposed method on multiple face anti-spoofing databases. The results show promising improvements due to our spoof noise modeling. Moreover, the estimated spoof noise provides a visualization which helps to understand the added spoof noise by each spoof medium.

Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Jul 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 27; 2022: 15; 2023: 10; 2024: 5; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.

60 papers.

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  1. 2021Deep Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing: A Surveycited by 64
  2. 2021Reverse Engineering of Generative Models: Inferring Model Hyperparameters from Generated Imagescited by 58
  3. 2021Self-Domain Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 49
  4. 2021Dual-Cross Central Difference Network for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 47
  5. 2023Rethinking Domain Generalization for Face Anti-spoofing: Separability and Alignmentcited by 47
  6. 2021Generalizable Representation Learning for Mixture Domain Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 46
  7. 2021TransRPPG: Remote Photoplethysmography Transformer for 3D Mask Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 41
  8. 2021Detect and Locate: Exposing Face Manipulation by Semantic- and Noise-level Telltalescited by 39
  9. 2022Multi-domain Learning for Updating Face Anti-spoofing Modelscited by 39
  10. 2021Detection and Continual Learning of Novel Face Presentation Attackscited by 33
  11. 2021Meta-Teacher For Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 33
  12. 2022Generative Domain Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 33
38 more
  1. 2021Unified Detection of Digital and Physical Face Attackscited by 31
  2. 2022Seeing is Living? Rethinking the Security of Facial Liveness Verification in the Deepfake Eracited by 26
  3. 2023FM-ViT: Flexible Modal Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 22
  4. 2021Dual Spoof Disentanglement Generation for Face Anti-spoofing with Depth Uncertainty Learningcited by 20
  5. 2024Test-Time Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 20
  6. 2021Learnable Multi-level Frequency Decomposition and Hierarchical Attention Mechanism for Generalized Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 18
  7. 2022One-Class Knowledge Distillation for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 12
  8. 2023Surveillance Face Anti-spoofingcited by 12
  9. 2021Disentangled Representation with Dual-stage Feature Learning for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 10
  10. 2021Partial Attack Supervision and Regional Weighted Inference for Masked Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 10
  11. 2021Consistency Regularization for Deep Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 10
  12. 2021Camera Invariant Feature Learning for Generalized Face Anti-spoofingcited by 9
  13. 2022Causality-Inspired Taxonomy for Explainable Artificial Intelligencecited by 9
  14. 2022VLAD-VSA: Cross-Domain Face Presentation Attack Detection with Vocabulary Separation and Adaptationcited by 7
  15. 2024DiffFAS: Face Anti-Spoofing via Generative Diffusion Modelscited by 7
  16. 2021Unsupervised Compound Domain Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 6
  17. 2021Myope Models -- Are face presentation attack detection models short-sighted?cited by 6
  18. 2022Learning Multiple Explainable and Generalizable Cues for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 5
  19. 2022Self-Supervised Face Presentation Attack Detection with Dynamic Grayscale Snippetscited by 5
  20. 2021Asymmetric Modality Translation For Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 4
  21. 2022Face Anti-Spoofing from the Perspective of Data Samplingcited by 4
  22. 2023Fine-Grained Annotation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 4
  23. 2021Review of Face Presentation Attack Detection Competitionscited by 3
  24. 2022Learning Polysemantic Spoof Trace: A Multi-Modal Disentanglement Network for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 3
  25. 2023Liveness score-based regression neural networks for face anti-spoofingcited by 3
  26. 2025InstructFLIP: Exploring Unified Vision-Language Model for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 3
  27. 2021Domain Generalization with Pseudo-Domain Label for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 2
  28. 2021Explaining Face Presentation Attack Detection Using Natural Languagecited by 2
  29. 2022Robust Face Anti-Spoofing with Dual Probabilistic Modelingcited by 2
  30. 2022Reconstruct Face from Features Using GAN Generator as a Distribution Constraintcited by 2
  31. 2023Wild Face Anti-Spoofing Challenge 2023: Benchmark and Resultscited by 2
  32. 2023An Efficient Ensemble Explainable AI (XAI) Approach for Morphed Face Detectioncited by 2
  33. 2024Modeling Spoof Noise by De-spoofing Diffusion and its Application in Face Anti-spoofingcited by 2
  34. 2024AttackNet: Enhancing Biometric Security via Tailored Convolutional Neural Network Architectures for Liveness Detectioncited by 2
  35. 2021A Dataset and Benchmark Towards Multi-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing Under Surveillance Scenarioscited by 1
  36. 2021Two-stream Convolutional Networks for Multi-frame Face Anti-spoofingcited by 1
  37. 2021Deep Learning meets Liveness Detection: Recent Advancements and Challengescited by 1
  38. 2022Online Adaptive Personalization for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 1

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