mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Biometric Face Presentation Attack Detection with Multi-Channel Convolutional Neural Network

arXiv 1909.08848 ↗First posted 19 Sep 2019cs.CV cs.CRcited by 78

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Abstract (arXiv)

Face recognition is a mainstream biometric authentication method. However, vulnerability to presentation attacks (a.k.a spoofing) limits its usability in unsupervised applications. Even though there are many methods available for tackling presentation attacks (PA), most of them fail to detect sophisticated attacks such as silicone masks. As the quality of presentation attack instruments improves over time, achieving reliable PA detection with visual spectra alone remains very challenging. We argue that analysis in multiple channels might help to address this issue. In this context, we propose a multi-channel Convolutional Neural Network based approach for presentation attack detection (PAD). We also introduce the new Wide Multi-Channel presentation Attack (WMCA) database for face PAD which contains a wide variety of 2D and 3D presentation attacks for both impersonation and obfuscation attacks. Data from different channels such as color, depth, near-infrared and thermal are available to advance the research in face PAD. The proposed method was compared with feature-based approaches and found to outperform the baselines achieving an ACER of 0.3% on the introduced dataset. The database and the software to reproduce the results are made available publicly.

Key facts. Cited by 78 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Sep 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 13; 2023: 24; 2024: 10; 2025: 15; 2026: 5.

78 papers.

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  1. 2022Domain Generalization via Shuffled Style Assembly for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 73
  2. 2021Deep Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing: A Surveycited by 64
  3. 2023FLIP: Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing with Language Guidancecited by 45
  4. 2021Contrastive Context-Aware Learning for 3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 43
  5. 2021Cross Modal Focal Loss for RGBD Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 41
  6. 2024SHIELD : An Evaluation Benchmark for Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 39
  7. 2022Adaptive Transformers for Robust Few-shot Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofingcited by 38
  8. 2022Seeing is Living? Rethinking the Security of Facial Liveness Verification in the Deepfake Eracited by 26
  9. 2022Benchmarking Joint Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Visual and Physiological Cuescited by 24
  10. 2025Advances in Multimodal Adaptation and Generalization: From Traditional Approaches to Foundation Modelscited by 23
  11. 2023FM-ViT: Flexible Modal Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 22
  12. 2021Dual Spoof Disentanglement Generation for Face Anti-spoofing with Depth Uncertainty Learningcited by 20
38 more
  1. 2022Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing: A Benchmarkcited by 20
  2. 2023Rethinking Vision Transformer and Masked Autoencoder in Multimodal Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 19
  3. 20213D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challengecited by 18
  4. 2023MA-ViT: Modality-Agnostic Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 18
  5. 2023SynthASpoof: Developing Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-friendly Synthetic Datacited by 17
  6. 2023Surveillance Face Anti-spoofingcited by 12
  7. 2023Rehearsal-Free Domain Continual Face Anti-Spoofing: Generalize More and Forget Lesscited by 12
  8. 2023RGB-D And Thermal Sensor Fusion: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 12
  9. 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics and Recent Advancescited by 11
  10. 2023S-Adapter: Generalizing Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofing with Statistical Tokenscited by 11
  11. 2021Consistency Regularization for Deep Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 10
  12. 2023Malafide: a novel adversarial convolutive noise attack against deepfake and spoofing detection systemscited by 10
  13. 2023Visual Prompt Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 9
  14. 2023Unified-modal Salient Object Detection via Adaptive Prompt Learningcited by 9
  15. 2022A Comprehensive Evaluation on Multi-channel Biometric Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 7
  16. 2024DiffFAS: Face Anti-Spoofing via Generative Diffusion Modelscited by 7
  17. 2025Domain Generalization for Face Anti-spoofing via Content-aware Composite Prompt Engineeringcited by 7
  18. 2021Efficient Anomaly Detection Using Self-Supervised Multi-Cue Taskscited by 6
  19. 2023Domain Generalization via Ensemble Stacking for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 6
  20. 2025FaceShield: Explainable Face Anti-Spoofing with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 6
  21. 2021Taming Self-Supervised Learning for Presentation Attack Detection: De-Folding and De-Mixingcited by 5
  22. 2023Surveillance Face Presentation Attack Detection Challengecited by 5
  23. 2024Confidence Aware Learning for Reliable Face Anti-spoofingcited by 5
  24. 2025Mixture-of-Attack-Experts with Class Regularization for Unified Physical-Digital Face Attack Detectioncited by 5
  25. 2025Benchmarking Unified Face Attack Detection via Hierarchical Prompt Tuningcited by 5
  26. 2021Asymmetric Modality Translation For Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 4
  27. 2023Fine-Grained Annotation for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 4
  28. 2023Domain-Generalized Face Anti-Spoofing with Unknown Attackscited by 4
  29. 2024Generalized Face Liveness Detection via De-fake Face Generatorcited by 4
  30. 2022Learning Polysemantic Spoof Trace: A Multi-Modal Disentanglement Network for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 3
  31. 2023AdvFAS: A robust face anti-spoofing framework against adversarial examplescited by 3
  32. 2025FA^{3}-CLIP: Frequency-Aware Cues Fusion and Attack-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Unified Face Attack Detectioncited by 3
  33. 2025InstructFLIP: Exploring Unified Vision-Language Model for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 3
  34. 2022Unknown Face Presentation Attack Detection via Localised Learning of Multiple Kernelscited by 2
  35. 2022Attacking Face Recognition with T-shirts: Database, Vulnerability Assessment and Detectioncited by 2
  36. 2023An Efficient Ensemble Explainable AI (XAI) Approach for Morphed Face Detectioncited by 2
  37. 2025Learning Knowledge-based Prompts for Robust 3D Mask Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 2
  38. 2022Race Bias Analysis of Bona Fide Errors in face anti-spoofingcited by 1

50 most cited of 78 All 78 (JSON)