A Dataset and Benchmark for Large-scale Multi-modal Face Anti-spoofing
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Abstract (arXiv)
Face anti-spoofing is essential to prevent face recognition systems from a security breach. Much of the progresses have been made by the availability of face anti-spoofing benchmark datasets in recent years. However, existing face anti-spoofing benchmarks have limited number of subjects (≤negmedspace170) and modalities (≤negmedspace2), which hinder the further development of the academic community. To facilitate face anti-spoofing research, we introduce a large-scale multi-modal dataset, namely CASIA-SURF, which is the largest publicly available dataset for face anti-spoofing in terms of both subjects and visual modalities. Specifically, it consists of 1,000 subjects with 21,000 videos and each sample has 3 modalities (i.e., RGB, Depth and IR). We also provide a measurement set, evaluation protocol and training/validation/testing subsets, developing a new benchmark for face anti-spoofing. Moreover, we present a new multi-modal fusion method as baseline, which performs feature re-weighting to select the more informative channel features while suppressing the less useful ones for each modal. Extensive experiments have been conducted on the proposed dataset to verify its significance and generalization capability. The dataset is available at https://sites.google.com/qq.com/chalearnfacespoofingattackdete
Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Dec 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 10; 2023: 15; 2024: 7; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.
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- 2022Domain Generalization via Shuffled Style Assembly for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 73
- 2021Deep Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing: A Surveycited by 65
- 2023FLIP: Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing with Language Guidancecited by 45
- 2021Contrastive Context-Aware Learning for 3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 43
- 2023MMANet: Margin-aware Distillation and Modality-aware Regularization for Incomplete Multimodal Learningcited by 40
- 2022Adaptive Transformers for Robust Few-shot Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofingcited by 38
- 2023Towards Effective Adversarial Textured 3D Meshes on Physical Face Recognitioncited by 33
- 2022Benchmarking Joint Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Visual and Physiological Cuescited by 24
- 2023FM-ViT: Flexible Modal Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 22
- 2022Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing: A Benchmarkcited by 21
- 20213D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challengecited by 19
- 2023Rethinking Vision Transformer and Masked Autoencoder in Multimodal Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 19
38 more
- 2023MA-ViT: Modality-Agnostic Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 18
- 2023SynthASpoof: Developing Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-friendly Synthetic Datacited by 17
- 2024Robust Multimodal Learning via Representation Decouplingcited by 17
- 2023Unified Frequency-Assisted Transformer Framework for Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Manipulationcited by 14
- 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics and Recent Advancescited by 11
- 2021Facial Depth and Normal Estimation using Single Dual-Pixel Cameracited by 11
- 2021Consistency Regularization for Deep Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 10
- 2021Aurora Guard: Reliable Face Anti-Spoofing via Mobile Lighting Systemcited by 9
- 2023Visual Prompt Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 9
- 2024Joint Physical-Digital Facial Attack Detection Via Simulating Spoofing Cluescited by 8
- 2022A Comprehensive Evaluation on Multi-channel Biometric Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 7
- 2022VLAD-VSA: Cross-Domain Face Presentation Attack Detection with Vocabulary Separation and Adaptationcited by 7
- 2022H2H: Heterogeneous Model to Heterogeneous System Mapping with Computation and Communication Awarenesscited by 6
- 2023Domain Generalization via Ensemble Stacking for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 6
- 2023Surveillance Face Presentation Attack Detection Challengecited by 5
- 2025Mixture-of-Attack-Experts with Class Regularization for Unified Physical-Digital Face Attack Detectioncited by 5
- 2021Asymmetric Modality Translation For Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 4
- 2023One-stage Modality Distillation for Incomplete Multimodal Learningcited by 4
- 2021Review of Face Presentation Attack Detection Competitionscited by 3
- 2022Learning Polysemantic Spoof Trace: A Multi-Modal Disentanglement Network for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 3
- 2024Unified Physical-Digital Attack Detection Challengecited by 3
- 2025InstructFLIP: Exploring Unified Vision-Language Model for Face Anti-spoofingcited by 3
- 2024Towards RGB-NIR Cross-modality Image Registration and Beyondcited by 2
- 2021A Dataset and Benchmark Towards Multi-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing Under Surveillance Scenarioscited by 1
- 2022Post-Train Adaptive MobileNet for Fast Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
- 2023IFAST: Weakly Supervised Interpretable Face Anti-spoofing from Single-shot Binocular NIR Imagescited by 1
- 2024Liveness Detection in Computer Vision: Transformer-based Self-Supervised Learning for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
- 2024G2V2former: Graph Guided Video Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
- 2025Exploring Task-Solving Paradigm for Generalized Cross-Domain Face Anti-Spoofing via Reinforcement Fine-Tuningcited by 1
- 2025Optimizing DINOv2 with Registers for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 1
- 2026PDMP: Rethinking Balanced Multimodal Learning via Performance-Dominant Modality Prioritizationcited by 1
- 2022Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 0
- 2023FedSIS: Federated Split Learning with Intermediate Representation Sampling for Privacy-preserving Generalized Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 0
- 2023AdvGen: Physical Adversarial Attack on Face Presentation Attack Detection Systemscited by 0
- 2024A Multi-Modal Approach for Face Anti-Spoofing in Non-Calibrated Systems using Disparity Mapscited by 0
- 2025Unified Face Matching and Physical-Digital Spoofing Attack Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Plug, Play, and Fortify: A Low-Cost Module for Robust Multimodal Image Understanding Modelscited by 0
- 2026Residual-Guided Expert Specialization for Incomplete Multimodal Learningcited by 0
50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026GBU-Palm: A Multimodal Video Dataset and Benchmark for Palm Presentation Attack Detection14 Aug 2026
- 2026Residual-Guided Expert Specialization for Incomplete Multimodal Learning29 Jun 2026
- 2026PDMP: Rethinking Balanced Multimodal Learning via Performance-Dominant Modality Prioritization7 Apr 2026
- 2026Plug, Play, and Fortify: A Low-Cost Module for Robust Multimodal Image Understanding Models26 Feb 2026
- 2025Optimizing DINOv2 with Registers for Face Anti-Spoofing20 Oct 2025
- 2025InstructFLIP: Exploring Unified Vision-Language Model for Face Anti-spoofing16 Jul 2025
- 2025Exploring Task-Solving Paradigm for Generalized Cross-Domain Face Anti-Spoofing via Reinforcement Fine-Tuning27 Jun 2025
- 2025Mixture-of-Attack-Experts with Class Regularization for Unified Physical-Digital Face Attack Detection1 Apr 2025
- 2025Unified Face Matching and Physical-Digital Spoofing Attack Detection16 Jan 2025
- 2024A Multi-Modal Approach for Face Anti-Spoofing in Non-Calibrated Systems using Disparity Maps31 Oct 2024
- 2024G2V2former: Graph Guided Video Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofing14 Aug 2024
- 2024Robust Multimodal Learning via Representation Decoupling5 Jul 2024
38 more
- 2024Liveness Detection in Computer Vision: Transformer-based Self-Supervised Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing19 Jun 2024
- 2024Towards RGB-NIR Cross-modality Image Registration and Beyond30 May 2024
- 2024Joint Physical-Digital Facial Attack Detection Via Simulating Spoofing Clues12 Apr 2024
- 2024Unified Physical-Digital Attack Detection Challenge9 Apr 2024
- 2023AdvGen: Physical Adversarial Attack on Face Presentation Attack Detection Systems20 Nov 2023
- 2023IFAST: Weakly Supervised Interpretable Face Anti-spoofing from Single-shot Binocular NIR Images29 Sep 2023
- 2023FLIP: Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing with Language Guidance28 Sep 2023
- 2023Unified Frequency-Assisted Transformer Framework for Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Manipulation18 Sep 2023
- 2023One-stage Modality Distillation for Incomplete Multimodal Learning15 Sep 2023
- 2023FedSIS: Federated Split Learning with Intermediate Representation Sampling for Privacy-preserving Generalized Face Presentation Attack Detection20 Aug 2023
- 2023Visual Prompt Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing26 Jul 2023
- 2023FM-ViT: Flexible Modal Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofing5 May 2023
- 2023MMANet: Margin-aware Distillation and Modality-aware Regularization for Incomplete Multimodal Learning17 Apr 2023
- 2023Surveillance Face Presentation Attack Detection Challenge15 Apr 2023
- 2023MA-ViT: Modality-Agnostic Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofing15 Apr 2023
- 2023Towards Effective Adversarial Textured 3D Meshes on Physical Face Recognition28 Mar 2023
- 2023SynthASpoof: Developing Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-friendly Synthetic Data5 Mar 2023
- 2023Rethinking Vision Transformer and Masked Autoencoder in Multimodal Face Anti-Spoofing11 Feb 2023
- 2023Domain Generalization via Ensemble Stacking for Face Presentation Attack Detection5 Jan 2023
- 2022Learning Polysemantic Spoof Trace: A Multi-Modal Disentanglement Network for Face Anti-spoofing7 Dec 2022
- 2022Face Presentation Attack Detection7 Dec 2022
- 2022Benchmarking Joint Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Visual and Physiological Cues10 Aug 2022
- 2022Post-Train Adaptive MobileNet for Fast Anti-Spoofing27 Jul 2022
- 2022H2H: Heterogeneous Model to Heterogeneous System Mapping with Computation and Communication Awareness29 Apr 2022
- 2022Adaptive Transformers for Robust Few-shot Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing23 Mar 2022
- 2022Domain Generalization via Shuffled Style Assembly for Face Anti-Spoofing10 Mar 2022
- 2022VLAD-VSA: Cross-Domain Face Presentation Attack Detection with Vocabulary Separation and Adaptation21 Feb 2022
- 2022A Comprehensive Evaluation on Multi-channel Biometric Face Presentation Attack Detection21 Feb 2022
- 2022Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing: A Benchmark16 Feb 2022
- 2021Review of Face Presentation Attack Detection Competitions21 Dec 2021
- 2021Facial Depth and Normal Estimation using Single Dual-Pixel Camera25 Nov 2021
- 2021Consistency Regularization for Deep Face Anti-Spoofing24 Nov 2021
- 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics and Recent Advances23 Nov 2021
- 2021Asymmetric Modality Translation For Face Presentation Attack Detection18 Oct 2021
- 20213D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challenge16 Aug 2021
- 2021Deep Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing: A Survey28 Jun 2021
- 2021Contrastive Context-Aware Learning for 3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection13 Apr 2021
- 2021A Dataset and Benchmark Towards Multi-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing Under Surveillance Scenarios29 Mar 2021
50 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2022Domain Generalization via Shuffled Style Assembly for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 73
- 2021Deep Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing: A Surveycited by 65
- 2023FLIP: Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing with Language Guidancecited by 45
- 2021Contrastive Context-Aware Learning for 3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 43
- 2023MMANet: Margin-aware Distillation and Modality-aware Regularization for Incomplete Multimodal Learningcited by 40
- 2022Adaptive Transformers for Robust Few-shot Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofingcited by 38
- 2023Towards Effective Adversarial Textured 3D Meshes on Physical Face Recognitioncited by 33
- 2022Benchmarking Joint Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Visual and Physiological Cuescited by 24
- 2023FM-ViT: Flexible Modal Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 22
- 2022Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing: A Benchmarkcited by 21
- 20213D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challengecited by 19
- 2023Rethinking Vision Transformer and Masked Autoencoder in Multimodal Face Anti-Spoofingcited by 19
12 most cited of 49 All 49 (JSON)
- 2026GBU-Palm: A Multimodal Video Dataset and Benchmark for Palm Presentation Attack Detection14 Aug 2026
- 2026Residual-Guided Expert Specialization for Incomplete Multimodal Learning29 Jun 2026
- 2026PDMP: Rethinking Balanced Multimodal Learning via Performance-Dominant Modality Prioritization7 Apr 2026
- 2026Plug, Play, and Fortify: A Low-Cost Module for Robust Multimodal Image Understanding Models26 Feb 2026
- 2025Optimizing DINOv2 with Registers for Face Anti-Spoofing20 Oct 2025
- 2025Exploring Task-Solving Paradigm for Generalized Cross-Domain Face Anti-Spoofing via Reinforcement Fine-Tuning27 Jun 2025
- 2025Unified Face Matching and Physical-Digital Spoofing Attack Detection16 Jan 2025
- 2024A Multi-Modal Approach for Face Anti-Spoofing in Non-Calibrated Systems using Disparity Maps31 Oct 2024
- 2024G2V2former: Graph Guided Video Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofing14 Aug 2024
- 2024Robust Multimodal Learning via Representation Decoupling5 Jul 2024
- 2024Liveness Detection in Computer Vision: Transformer-based Self-Supervised Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing19 Jun 2024
- 2024Towards RGB-NIR Cross-modality Image Registration and Beyond30 May 2024
12 newest of 49 All 49 (JSON)