Towards More Flexible and Accurate Object Tracking with Natural Language: Algorithms and Benchmark
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Abstract (arXiv)
Tracking by natural language specification is a new rising research topic that aims at locating the target object in the video sequence based on its language description. Compared with traditional bounding box (BBox) based tracking, this setting guides object tracking with high-level semantic information, addresses the ambiguity of BBox, and links local and global search organically together. Those benefits may bring more flexible, robust and accurate tracking performance in practical scenarios. However, existing natural language initialized trackers are developed and compared on benchmark datasets proposed for tracking-by-BBox, which can't reflect the true power of tracking-by-language. In this work, we propose a new benchmark specifically dedicated to the tracking-by-language, including a large scale dataset, strong and diverse baseline methods. Specifically, we collect 2k video sequences (contains a total of 1,244,340 frames, 663 words) and split 1300/700 for the train/testing respectively. We densely annotate one sentence in English and corresponding bounding boxes of the target object for each video. We also introduce two new challenges into TNL2K for the object tracking task, i.e., adversarial samples and modality switch. A strong baseline method based on an adaptive local-global-search scheme is proposed for future works to compare. We believe this benchmark will greatly boost related researches on natural language guided tracking.
Key facts. Cited by 124 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 60 of its 83 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Mar 2021.
Builds on
60 of 83 references.
References · 60
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- 2018YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvementcited by 2,652
- 2014Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modelingcited by 2,341
- 2016Fully-Convolutional Siamese Networks for Object Trackingcited by 566
- 2018GOT-10k: A Large High-Diversity Benchmark for Generic Object Tracking in the Wildcited by 471
- 2018SiamRPN++: Evolution of Siamese Visual Tracking with Very Deep Networkscited by 445
- 2018LaSOT: A High-quality Benchmark for Large-scale Single Object Trackingcited by 424
- 2019Learning Discriminative Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 344
- 2018TrackingNet: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Object Tracking in the Wildcited by 342
- 2018ATOM: Accurate Tracking by Overlap Maximizationcited by 285
- 2018Fast Online Object Tracking and Segmentation: A Unifying Approachcited by 272
- 2016ECO: Efficient Convolution Operators for Trackingcited by 239
38 more
- 2020Probabilistic Regression for Visual Trackingcited by 231
- 2020Ocean: Object-aware Anchor-free Trackingcited by 212
- 2015Learning Multi-Domain Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Trackingcited by 209
- 2019A Fast and Accurate One-Stage Approach to Visual Groundingcited by 194
- 2020Siamese Box Adaptive Network for Visual Trackingcited by 189
- 2018Distractor-aware Siamese Networks for Visual Object Trackingcited by 187
- 2019SiamFC++: Towards Robust and Accurate Visual Tracking with Target Estimation Guidelinescited by 177
- 2019Siam R-CNN: Visual Tracking by Re-Detectioncited by 174
- 2019Deeper and Wider Siamese Networks for Real-Time Visual Trackingcited by 156
- 2019SiamCAR: Siamese Fully Convolutional Classification and Regression for Visual Trackingcited by 147
- 2017Need for Speed: A Benchmark for Higher Frame Rate Object Trackingcited by 137
- 2018RGB-T Object Tracking:Benchmark and Baselinecited by 121
- 2020Know Your Surroundings: Exploiting Scene Information for Object Trackingcited by 119
- 2015A Novel Performance Evaluation Methodology for Single-Target Trackerscited by 113
- 2017YouTube-BoundingBoxes: A Large High-Precision Human-Annotated Data Set for Object Detection in Videocited by 109
- 2016Learning to Track at 100 FPS with Deep Regression Networkscited by 89
- 2020High-Performance Long-Term Tracking with Meta-Updatercited by 79
- 2019Learning the Model Update for Siamese Trackerscited by 75
- 2019Unsupervised Deep Trackingcited by 74
- 2019D3S -- A Discriminative Single Shot Segmentation Trackercited by 69
- 2016Beyond Correlation Filters: Learning Continuous Convolution Operators for Visual Trackingcited by 66
- 2016Learning Spatially Regularized Correlation Filters for Visual Trackingcited by 66
- 2020Efficient Adversarial Attacks for Visual Object Trackingcited by 66
- 2018VITAL: VIsual Tracking via Adversarial Learningcited by 65
- 2020Tracking by Instance Detection: A Meta-Learning Approachcited by 61
- 2015Staple: Complementary Learners for Real-Time Trackingcited by 60
- 2019Deep Learning for Visual Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 60
- 2018Learning Dynamic Memory Networks for Object Trackingcited by 58
- 2019GlobalTrack: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Long-term Trackingcited by 57
- 2018Long-term Tracking in the Wild: A Benchmarkcited by 55
- 2019GradNet: Gradient-Guided Network for Visual Object Trackingcited by 41
- 2018Real-Time MDNetcited by 39
- 2018Meta-Tracker: Fast and Robust Online Adaptation for Visual Object Trackerscited by 34
- 2018PTB-TIR: A Thermal Infrared Pedestrian Tracking Benchmarkcited by 34
- 2019'Skimming-Perusal' Tracking: A Framework for Real-Time and Robust Long-term Trackingcited by 34
- 2019Grounding-Tracking-Integrationcited by 32
- 2020Cooling-Shrinking Attack: Blinding the Tracker with Imperceptible Noisescited by 32
- 2019Physical Adversarial Textures that Fool Visual Object Trackingcited by 30
50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 12; 2023: 20; 2024: 30; 2025: 33; 2026: 24.
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- 2022Joint Feature Learning and Relation Modeling for Tracking: A One-Stream Frameworkcited by 328
- 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 190
- 2023Large-scale Multi-Modal Pre-trained Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 153
- 2024ODTrack: Online Dense Temporal Token Learning for Visual Trackingcited by 129
- 2021VisEvent: Reliable Object Tracking via Collaboration of Frame and Event Flowscited by 128
- 2021SwinTrack: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Transformer Trackingcited by 126
- 2022Backbone is All Your Need: A Simplified Architecture for Visual Object Trackingcited by 119
- 2024Autoregressive Queries for Adaptive Tracking with Spatio-TemporalTransformerscited by 76
- 2024Tracking Meets LoRA: Faster Training, Larger Model, Stronger Performancecited by 70
- 2021Learn to Match: Automatic Matching Network Design for Visual Trackingcited by 67
- 2024OneTracker: Unifying Visual Object Tracking with Foundation Models and Efficient Tuningcited by 64
- 2023Towards Unified Token Learning for Vision-Language Trackingcited by 62
38 more
- 2023Joint Visual Grounding and Tracking with Natural Language Specificationcited by 59
- 2023MixFormerV2: Efficient Fully Transformer Trackingcited by 56
- 2025UAVs Meet LLMs: Overviews and Perspectives Toward Agentic Low-Altitude Mobilitycited by 48
- 2022Divert More Attention to Vision-Language Trackingcited by 47
- 2022Local-Global Context Aware Transformer for Language-Guided Video Segmentationcited by 41
- 2023CiteTracker: Correlating Image and Text for Visual Trackingcited by 36
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Trackingcited by 36
- 2021MFGNet: Dynamic Modality-Aware Filter Generation for RGB-T Trackingcited by 32
- 2023Tracking with Human-Intent Reasoningcited by 32
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learningcited by 30
- 2023All in One: Exploring Unified Vision-Language Tracking with Multi-Modal Alignmentcited by 27
- 2024Unifying Visual and Vision-Language Tracking via Contrastive Learningcited by 27
- 2022WebUAV-3M: A Benchmark for Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep UAV Trackingcited by 26
- 2022Learning Target-aware Representation for Visual Tracking via Informative Interactionscited by 25
- 2023ZoomTrack: Target-aware Non-uniform Resizing for Efficient Visual Trackingcited by 25
- 2024VastTrack: Vast Category Visual Object Trackingcited by 25
- 2023Type-to-Track: Retrieve Any Object via Prompt-based Trackingcited by 24
- 2024DTLLM-VLT: Diverse Text Generation for Visual Language Tracking Based on LLMcited by 24
- 2025SPMTrack: Spatio-Temporal Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning with Mixture of Experts for Scalable Visual Trackingcited by 23
- 2025Exploring Decoupled Spatio-Temporal Consistency Learning and Self-Prompting Evolution for Self-Supervised Trackingcited by 23
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Taskscited by 22
- 2023Unified Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for Single- and Multi-Modal Visual Object Trackingcited by 20
- 2022Learning Spatial-Frequency Transformer for Visual Object Trackingcited by 18
- 2024Autogenic Language Embedding for Coherent Point Trackingcited by 17
- 2024WebUOT-1M: Advancing Deep Underwater Object Tracking with A Million-Scale Benchmarkcited by 15
- 2025VideoMolmo: Spatio-Temporal Grounding Meets Pointingcited by 14
- 2022Towards Sequence-Level Training for Visual Trackingcited by 13
- 2025Region-based Cluster Discrimination for Visual Representation Learningcited by 13
- 2024RTracker: Recoverable Tracking via PN Tree Structured Memorycited by 12
- 2024DTVLT: A Multi-modal Diverse Text Benchmark for Visual Language Tracking Based on LLMcited by 12
- 2022Tiny Object Tracking: A Large-scale Dataset and A Baselinecited by 11
- 2023Divert More Attention to Vision-Language Object Trackingcited by 11
- 2024Visual Language Tracking with Multi-modal Interaction: A Robust Benchmarkcited by 10
- 2024How Texts Help? A Fine-grained Evaluation to Reveal the Role of Language in Vision-Language Trackingcited by 10
- 2025CSTrack: Enhancing RGB-X Tracking via Compact Spatiotemporal Featurescited by 10
- 2025ATCTrack: Aligning Target-Context Cues with Dynamic Target States for Robust Vision-Language Trackingcited by 10
- 2023Learning CLIP Guided Visual-Text Fusion Transformer for Video-based Pedestrian Attribute Recognitioncited by 9
- 2023Beyond Visual Cues: Synchronously Exploring Target-Centric Semantics for Vision-Language Trackingcited by 9
50 most cited of 124 All 124 (JSON)
- 2026VANTAGE-Bench: Evaluating the Infrastructure AI Gap in Vision-Language Models8 Sep 2026
- 2026Continuous Token-Level Spatio-Temporal Context Modeling for Visual Object Tracking7 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning to Track from Privileged Target Appearances2 Sep 2026
- 2026Efficient Language-to-Vision Feature Injection for Referring Single-Object Tracking29 Aug 2026
- 2026Models as Tools: An Agentic Coordination Framework for Unified Multimodal Visual Tracking1 Aug 2026
- 2026Semantic-Aware Temporal Adaptation for UAV Anti-UAV Tracking29 Jul 2026
- 2026Dynamic Parsing and Updating Natural Language Specification using VLMs for Robust Vision-Language Tracking28 Jun 2026
- 2026SENTRY: SAM2-Enhanced Neighbor-Aware and Temporally Reasoned Memory for Visual Tracking23 Jun 2026
- 20264DVLT: Dynamic Scene Understanding with Worldline-Centered Vision-Language Tracking21 Jun 2026
- 2026An Efficient Token Compression Framework for Visual Object Tracking8 May 2026
- 2026RELO: Reinforcement Learning to Localize for Visual Object Tracking8 May 2026
- 2026Learning to Track Instance from Single Nature Language Description8 May 2026
38 more
- 2026Dynamic Pondering Sparsity-aware Mixture-of-Experts Transformer for Event Stream based Visual Object Tracking7 May 2026
- 2026Boosting Self-Supervised Tracking with Contextual Prompts and Noise Learning7 May 2026
- 2026Unified Multimodal Visual Tracking with Dual Mixture-of-Experts5 May 2026
- 2026ViewSAM: Learning View-aware Cross-modal Semantics for Weakly Supervised Cross-view Referring Multi-Object Tracking4 May 2026
- 2026Drift-Resilient Temporal Priors for Visual Tracking3 Apr 2026
- 2026Interactive Tracking: A Human-in-the-Loop Paradigm with Memory-Augmented Adaptation2 Apr 2026
- 2026Video Understanding: From Geometry and Semantics to Unified Models18 Mar 2026
- 2026Uni-MDTrack: Learning Decoupled Memory and Dynamic States for Parameter-Efficient Visual Tracking in All Modality15 Mar 2026
- 2026RAGTrack: Language-aware RGBT Tracking with Retrieval-Augmented Generation4 Mar 2026
- 2026UETrack: A Unified and Efficient Framework for Single Object Tracking2 Mar 2026
- 2026SpikeTrack: A Spike-driven Framework for Efficient Visual Tracking27 Feb 2026
- 2026GLAD: Generative Language-Assisted Visual Tracking for Low-Semantic Templates31 Jan 2026
- 2025VPTracker: Global Vision-Language Tracking via Visual Prompt28 Dec 2025
- 2025Rethinking Memory Design in SAM-Based Visual Object Tracking27 Dec 2025
- 2025How Far are Modern Trackers from UAV-Anti-UAV? A Million-Scale Benchmark and New Baseline8 Dec 2025
- 2025UniSOT: A Unified Framework for Multi-Modality Single Object Tracking3 Nov 2025
- 2025PlanarTrack: A high-quality and challenging benchmark for large-scale planar object tracking27 Oct 2025
- 2025SAM 2++: Tracking Anything at Any Granularity21 Oct 2025
- 2025From Seeing to Predicting: A Vision-Language Framework for Trajectory Forecasting and Controlled Video Generation1 Oct 2025
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Tracking18 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-State Tracker: Enhancing Efficient Object Tracking via Multi-State Specialization and Interaction15 Aug 2025
- 2025SOI is the Root of All Evil: Quantifying and Breaking Similar Object Interference in Single Object Tracking13 Aug 2025
- 2025ReasoningTrack: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Long-term Vision-Language Tracking7 Aug 2025
- 2025Exploring Decoupled Spatio-Temporal Consistency Learning and Self-Prompting Evolution for Self-Supervised Tracking29 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learning27 Jul 2025
- 2025Region-based Cluster Discrimination for Visual Representation Learning26 Jul 2025
- 2025ATCTrack: Aligning Target-Context Cues with Dynamic Target States for Robust Vision-Language Tracking26 Jul 2025
- 2025Explicit Context Reasoning with Supervision for Visual Tracking22 Jul 2025
- 2025Temporal Unlearnable Examples: Preventing Personal Video Data from Unauthorized Exploitation by Object Tracking10 Jul 2025
- 2025ATSTrack: Enhancing Visual-Language Tracking by Aligning Temporal and Spatial Scales1 Jul 2025
- 2025Exploiting Lightweight Hierarchical ViT and Dynamic Framework for Efficient Visual Tracking25 Jun 2025
- 2025VideoMolmo: Spatio-Temporal Grounding Meets Pointing5 Jun 2025
- 2025MVTD: A Benchmark Dataset for Maritime Visual Object Tracking3 Jun 2025
- 2025CLDTracker: A Comprehensive Language Description for Visual Tracking29 May 2025
- 2025Progressive Scaling Visual Object Tracking26 May 2025
- 2025CSTrack: Enhancing RGB-X Tracking via Compact Spatiotemporal Features26 May 2025
- 2025Efficient Motion Prompt Learning for Robust Visual Tracking22 May 2025
- 2025Towards Low-Latency Event Stream-based Visual Object Tracking: A Slow-Fast Approach19 May 2025
50 newest of 124 All 124 (JSON)
- 2025SPMTrack: Spatio-Temporal Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning with Mixture of Experts for Scalable Visual Trackingcited by 23
- 2026Unified Multimodal Visual Tracking with Dual Mixture-of-Expertscited by 0
- 2026Dynamic Pondering Sparsity-aware Mixture-of-Experts Transformer for Event Stream based Visual Object Trackingcited by 0
- 2026Dynamic Pondering Sparsity-aware Mixture-of-Experts Transformer for Event Stream based Visual Object Tracking7 May 2026
- 2026Unified Multimodal Visual Tracking with Dual Mixture-of-Experts5 May 2026
- 2025SPMTrack: Spatio-Temporal Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning with Mixture of Experts for Scalable Visual Tracking24 Mar 2025
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolationcited by 1
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolation14 Oct 2024
- 2022Joint Feature Learning and Relation Modeling for Tracking: A One-Stream Frameworkcited by 328
- 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 190
- 2023Large-scale Multi-Modal Pre-trained Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 153
- 2024ODTrack: Online Dense Temporal Token Learning for Visual Trackingcited by 129
- 2021VisEvent: Reliable Object Tracking via Collaboration of Frame and Event Flowscited by 128
- 2021SwinTrack: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Transformer Trackingcited by 126
- 2022Backbone is All Your Need: A Simplified Architecture for Visual Object Trackingcited by 119
- 2024Autoregressive Queries for Adaptive Tracking with Spatio-TemporalTransformerscited by 76
- 2024Tracking Meets LoRA: Faster Training, Larger Model, Stronger Performancecited by 70
- 2021Learn to Match: Automatic Matching Network Design for Visual Trackingcited by 67
- 2024OneTracker: Unifying Visual Object Tracking with Foundation Models and Efficient Tuningcited by 64
- 2023Towards Unified Token Learning for Vision-Language Trackingcited by 62
12 most cited of 112 All 112 (JSON)
- 2026Continuous Token-Level Spatio-Temporal Context Modeling for Visual Object Tracking7 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning to Track from Privileged Target Appearances2 Sep 2026
- 2026Efficient Language-to-Vision Feature Injection for Referring Single-Object Tracking29 Aug 2026
- 2026Semantic-Aware Temporal Adaptation for UAV Anti-UAV Tracking29 Jul 2026
- 2026Dynamic Parsing and Updating Natural Language Specification using VLMs for Robust Vision-Language Tracking28 Jun 2026
- 2026SENTRY: SAM2-Enhanced Neighbor-Aware and Temporally Reasoned Memory for Visual Tracking23 Jun 2026
- 20264DVLT: Dynamic Scene Understanding with Worldline-Centered Vision-Language Tracking21 Jun 2026
- 2026An Efficient Token Compression Framework for Visual Object Tracking8 May 2026
- 2026RELO: Reinforcement Learning to Localize for Visual Object Tracking8 May 2026
- 2026Learning to Track Instance from Single Nature Language Description8 May 2026
- 2026Boosting Self-Supervised Tracking with Contextual Prompts and Noise Learning7 May 2026
- 2026ViewSAM: Learning View-aware Cross-modal Semantics for Weakly Supervised Cross-view Referring Multi-Object Tracking4 May 2026
12 newest of 112 All 112 (JSON)