SiamFC++: Towards Robust and Accurate Visual Tracking with Target Estimation Guidelines
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Abstract (arXiv)
Visual tracking problem demands to efficiently perform robust classification and accurate target state estimation over a given target at the same time. Former methods have proposed various ways of target state estimation, yet few of them took the particularity of the visual tracking problem itself into consideration. After a careful analysis, we propose a set of practical guidelines of target state estimation for high-performance generic object tracker design. Following these guidelines, we design our Fully Convolutional Siamese tracker++ (SiamFC++) by introducing both classification and target state estimation branch(G1), classification score without ambiguity(G2), tracking without prior knowledge(G3), and estimation quality score(G4). Extensive analysis and ablation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed guidelines. Without bells and whistles, our SiamFC++ tracker achieves state-of-the-art performance on five challenging benchmarks(OTB2015, VOT2018, LaSOT, GOT-10k, TrackingNet), which proves both the tracking and generalization ability of the tracker. Particularly, on the large-scale TrackingNet dataset, SiamFC++ achieves a previously unseen AUC score of 75.4 while running at over 90 FPS, which is far above the real-time requirement. Code and models are available at: https://github.com/MegviiDetection/video_analyst .
Key facts. Cited by 177 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 44; 2022: 42; 2023: 26; 2024: 26; 2025: 23; 2026: 16.
177 papers.
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- 2021Transformer Trackingcited by 412
- 2021Learning Spatio-Temporal Transformer for Visual Trackingcited by 348
- 2022MixFormer: End-to-End Tracking with Iterative Mixed Attentioncited by 278
- 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 250
- 2021Transformer Meets Tracker: Exploiting Temporal Context for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 220
- 2025InternVideo2.5: Empowering Video MLLMs with Long and Rich Context Modelingcited by 203
- 2021Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Trackcited by 131
- 2021VisEvent: Reliable Object Tracking via Collaboration of Frame and Event Flowscited by 128
- 2021SwinTrack: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Transformer Trackingcited by 126
- 2021Towards More Flexible and Accurate Object Tracking with Natural Language: Algorithms and Benchmarkcited by 124
- 2022Backbone is All Your Need: A Simplified Architecture for Visual Object Trackingcited by 119
- 2022Transforming Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 117
38 more
- 2021LasHeR: A Large-scale High-diversity Benchmark for RGBT Trackingcited by 94
- 2022Towards Grand Unification of Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2021STMTrack: Template-free Visual Tracking with Space-time Memory Networkscited by 91
- 2021Object Tracking by Jointly Exploiting Frame and Event Domaincited by 83
- 2021LightTrack: Finding Lightweight Neural Networks for Object Tracking via One-Shot Architecture Searchcited by 82
- 2023Robust Object Modeling for Visual Trackingcited by 80
- 2022Transformer Tracking with Cyclic Shifting Window Attentioncited by 75
- 2023HIPTrack: Visual Tracking with Historical Promptscited by 71
- 2022TCTrack: Temporal Contexts for Aerial Trackingcited by 69
- 2021Learn to Match: Automatic Matching Network Design for Visual Trackingcited by 67
- 2021Box-Aware Feature Enhancement for Single Object Tracking on Point Cloudscited by 66
- 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Trackingcited by 64
- 2022Correlation-Aware Deep Trackingcited by 62
- 2022Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Nighttime Aerial Trackingcited by 56
- 2023MixFormerV2: Efficient Fully Transformer Trackingcited by 56
- 2022Beyond 3D Siamese Tracking: A Motion-Centric Paradigm for 3D Single Object Tracking in Point Cloudscited by 55
- 20213D Siamese Voxel-to-BEV Tracker for Sparse Point Cloudscited by 54
- 2023Exploring Lightweight Hierarchical Vision Transformers for Efficient Visual Trackingcited by 53
- 2022Revisiting Color-Event based Tracking: A Unified Network, Dataset, and Metriccited by 51
- 2023Compact Transformer Tracker with Correlative Masked Modelingcited by 50
- 2024Elysium: Exploring Object-level Perception in Videos via MLLMcited by 48
- 2023Merlin:Empowering Multimodal LLMs with Foresight Mindscited by 46
- 2023Bi-directional Adapter for Multi-modal Trackingcited by 46
- 2021Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Filters and Siamese Networks: A Survey and Outlookcited by 45
- 2021SiamAPN++: Siamese Attentional Aggregation Network for Real-Time UAV Trackingcited by 38
- 2021FEAR: Fast, Efficient, Accurate and Robust Visual Trackercited by 38
- 2022SparseTT: Visual Tracking with Sparse Transformerscited by 36
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Trackingcited by 36
- 2022Few-Shot Backdoor Attacks on Visual Object Trackingcited by 35
- 2022Unified Transformer Tracker for Object Trackingcited by 31
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learningcited by 30
- 2024Task Preference Optimization: Improving Multimodal Large Language Models with Vision Task Alignmentcited by 29
- 2021All-Day Object Tracking for Unmanned Aerial Vehiclecited by 28
- 2024Unifying Visual and Vision-Language Tracking via Contrastive Learningcited by 27
- 2022WebUAV-3M: A Benchmark for Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep UAV Trackingcited by 26
- 2023Towards Real-World Visual Tracking with Temporal Contextscited by 26
- 2022Visual Object Tracking in First Person Visioncited by 25
- 2021DarkLighter: Light Up the Darkness for UAV Trackingcited by 24
50 most cited of 177 All 177 (JSON)
- 2026SBMVTrack: Spike-Budgeted Multi-View Learning for Power-Efficient UAV Tracking21 Sep 2026
- 2026When Efficiency Becomes Fragility: Exploiting Dynamic Routing Vulnerabilities in Adaptive UAV Tracking4 Aug 2026
- 2026Semantic-Aware Temporal Adaptation for UAV Anti-UAV Tracking29 Jul 2026
- 2026Active Adversarial Perturbation-driven Associative Memory Retrieval for RGB-Event Visual Object Tracking24 Jun 2026
- 2026RELO: Reinforcement Learning to Localize for Visual Object Tracking8 May 2026
- 2026Dynamic Pondering Sparsity-aware Mixture-of-Experts Transformer for Event Stream based Visual Object Tracking7 May 2026
- 2026VL-UniTrack: A Unified Framework with Visual-Language Prompts for UAV-Ground Visual Tracking6 May 2026
- 2026FreqTrack: Frequency Learning based Vision Transformer for RGB-Event Object Tracking16 Apr 2026
- 2026Event-Adaptive State Transition and Gated Fusion for RGB-Event Object Tracking15 Apr 2026
- 2026STATrack: A Target-Aware Fully Spiking Neural Network for Efficient UAV Tracking29 Mar 2026
- 2026GOT-JEPA: Generic Object Tracking with Model Adaptation and Occlusion Handling using Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture16 Feb 2026
- 2026Layer-Guided UAV Tracking: Enhancing Efficiency and Occlusion Robustness14 Feb 2026
38 more
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editing9 Feb 2026
- 2026FARTrack: Fast Autoregressive Visual Tracking with High Performance3 Feb 2026
- 2026SMTrack: State-Aware Mamba for Efficient Temporal Modeling in Visual Tracking2 Feb 2026
- 2026Decoupling Amplitude and Phase Attention in Frequency Domain for RGB-Event based Visual Object Tracking3 Jan 2026
- 2025How Far are Modern Trackers from UAV-Anti-UAV? A Million-Scale Benchmark and New Baseline8 Dec 2025
- 2025UniSOT: A Unified Framework for Multi-Modality Single Object Tracking3 Nov 2025
- 2025Hyperspectral Mamba for Hyperspectral Object Tracking10 Sep 2025
- 2025ReasoningTrack: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Long-term Vision-Language Tracking7 Aug 2025
- 2025CST Anti-UAV: A Thermal Infrared Benchmark for Tiny UAV Tracking in Complex Scenes31 Jul 2025
- 2025SAMITE: Position Prompted SAM2 with Calibrated Memory for Visual Object Tracking29 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learning27 Jul 2025
- 2025Vision-Based Anti Unmanned Aerial Technology: Opportunities and Challenges14 Jul 2025
- 2025MammoTracker: Mask-Guided Lesion Tracking in Temporal Mammograms30 Jun 2025
- 2025Mamba-FETrack V2: Revisiting State Space Model for Frame-Event based Visual Object Tracking30 Jun 2025
- 2025Exploiting Lightweight Hierarchical ViT and Dynamic Framework for Efficient Visual Tracking25 Jun 2025
- 2025Towards Low-Latency Event Stream-based Visual Object Tracking: A Slow-Fast Approach19 May 2025
- 2025CGTrack: Cascade Gating Network with Hierarchical Feature Aggregation for UAV Tracking9 May 2025
- 2025FocusTrack: A Self-Adaptive Local Sampling Algorithm for Efficient Anti-UAV Tracking18 Apr 2025
- 2025COST: Contrastive One-Stage Transformer for Vision-Language Small Object Tracking2 Apr 2025
- 2025Hyperspectral Adapter for Object Tracking based on Hyperspectral Video28 Mar 2025
- 2025Dynamic Attention Mechanism in Spatiotemporal Memory Networks for Object Tracking21 Mar 2025
- 2025STEP: Simultaneous Tracking and Estimation of Pose for Animals and Humans17 Mar 2025
- 2025Target-aware Bidirectional Fusion Transformer for Aerial Object Tracking13 Mar 2025
- 2025Similarity-Guided Layer-Adaptive Vision Transformer for UAV Tracking9 Mar 2025
- 2025Two-stream Beats One-stream: Asymmetric Siamese Network for Efficient Visual Tracking1 Mar 2025
- 2025InternVideo2.5: Empowering Video MLLMs with Long and Rich Context Modeling21 Jan 2025
- 2025DeTrack: In-model Latent Denoising Learning for Visual Object Tracking5 Jan 2025
- 2024Task Preference Optimization: Improving Multimodal Large Language Models with Vision Task Alignment26 Dec 2024
- 2024Robust Tracking via Mamba-based Context-aware Token Learning18 Dec 2024
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Tracking15 Dec 2024
- 2024Improving Accuracy and Generalization for Efficient Visual Tracking28 Nov 2024
- 2024Spiking Neural Network as Adaptive Event Stream Slicer3 Oct 2024
- 2024Prompt-Driven Temporal Domain Adaptation for Nighttime UAV Tracking27 Sep 2024
- 2024General Compression Framework for Efficient Transformer Object Tracking26 Sep 2024
- 2024Low-Light Object Tracking: A Benchmark21 Aug 2024
- 2024MambaEVT: Event Stream based Visual Object Tracking using State Space Model20 Aug 2024
- 2024VoxelTrack: Exploring Voxel Representation for 3D Point Cloud Object Tracking5 Aug 2024
- 2024XS-VID: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Small Object Detection and Tracking in Videos25 Jul 2024
50 newest of 177 All 177 (JSON)
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Trackingcited by 36
- 2024Mamba-FETrack: Frame-Event Tracking via State Space Modelcited by 21
- 2024Robust Tracking via Mamba-based Context-aware Token Learningcited by 15
- 2024MambaEVT: Event Stream based Visual Object Tracking using State Space Modelcited by 11
- 2025Mamba-FETrack V2: Revisiting State Space Model for Frame-Event based Visual Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2026SMTrack: State-Aware Mamba for Efficient Temporal Modeling in Visual Trackingcited by 1
- 2026Event-Adaptive State Transition and Gated Fusion for RGB-Event Object Trackingcited by 0
- 2026Event-Adaptive State Transition and Gated Fusion for RGB-Event Object Tracking15 Apr 2026
- 2026SMTrack: State-Aware Mamba for Efficient Temporal Modeling in Visual Tracking2 Feb 2026
- 2025Mamba-FETrack V2: Revisiting State Space Model for Frame-Event based Visual Object Tracking30 Jun 2025
- 2024Robust Tracking via Mamba-based Context-aware Token Learning18 Dec 2024
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Tracking15 Dec 2024
- 2024MambaEVT: Event Stream based Visual Object Tracking using State Space Model20 Aug 2024
- 2024Mamba-FETrack: Frame-Event Tracking via State Space Model28 Apr 2024
- 2025InternVideo2.5: Empowering Video MLLMs with Long and Rich Context Modelingcited by 203
- 2024Elysium: Exploring Object-level Perception in Videos via MLLMcited by 48
- 2023Merlin:Empowering Multimodal LLMs with Foresight Mindscited by 46
- 2024Task Preference Optimization: Improving Multimodal Large Language Models with Vision Task Alignmentcited by 29
- 2025InternVideo2.5: Empowering Video MLLMs with Long and Rich Context Modeling21 Jan 2025
- 2024Task Preference Optimization: Improving Multimodal Large Language Models with Vision Task Alignment26 Dec 2024
- 2024Elysium: Exploring Object-level Perception in Videos via MLLM25 Mar 2024
- 2023Merlin:Empowering Multimodal LLMs with Foresight Minds30 Nov 2023
- 2021Transformer Trackingcited by 412
- 2021Learning Spatio-Temporal Transformer for Visual Trackingcited by 348
- 2022MixFormer: End-to-End Tracking with Iterative Mixed Attentioncited by 278
- 2021Transformer Meets Tracker: Exploiting Temporal Context for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 220
- 2021Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Trackcited by 131
- 2021VisEvent: Reliable Object Tracking via Collaboration of Frame and Event Flowscited by 128
- 2021SwinTrack: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Transformer Trackingcited by 126
- 2021Towards More Flexible and Accurate Object Tracking with Natural Language: Algorithms and Benchmarkcited by 124
- 2022Backbone is All Your Need: A Simplified Architecture for Visual Object Trackingcited by 119
- 2022Transforming Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 117
- 2021LasHeR: A Large-scale High-diversity Benchmark for RGBT Trackingcited by 94
- 2022Towards Grand Unification of Object Trackingcited by 93
12 most cited of 162 All 162 (JSON)
- 2026SBMVTrack: Spike-Budgeted Multi-View Learning for Power-Efficient UAV Tracking21 Sep 2026
- 2026When Efficiency Becomes Fragility: Exploiting Dynamic Routing Vulnerabilities in Adaptive UAV Tracking4 Aug 2026
- 2026Semantic-Aware Temporal Adaptation for UAV Anti-UAV Tracking29 Jul 2026
- 2026Active Adversarial Perturbation-driven Associative Memory Retrieval for RGB-Event Visual Object Tracking24 Jun 2026
- 2026RELO: Reinforcement Learning to Localize for Visual Object Tracking8 May 2026
- 2026VL-UniTrack: A Unified Framework with Visual-Language Prompts for UAV-Ground Visual Tracking6 May 2026
- 2026FreqTrack: Frequency Learning based Vision Transformer for RGB-Event Object Tracking16 Apr 2026
- 2026STATrack: A Target-Aware Fully Spiking Neural Network for Efficient UAV Tracking29 Mar 2026
- 2026GOT-JEPA: Generic Object Tracking with Model Adaptation and Occlusion Handling using Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture16 Feb 2026
- 2026Layer-Guided UAV Tracking: Enhancing Efficiency and Occlusion Robustness14 Feb 2026
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editing9 Feb 2026
- 2026FARTrack: Fast Autoregressive Visual Tracking with High Performance3 Feb 2026
12 newest of 162 All 162 (JSON)