Need for Speed: A Benchmark for Higher Frame Rate Object Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we propose the first higher frame rate video dataset (called Need for Speed - NfS) and benchmark for visual object tracking. The dataset consists of 100 videos (380K frames) captured with now commonly available higher frame rate (240 FPS) cameras from real world scenarios. All frames are annotated with axis aligned bounding boxes and all sequences are manually labelled with nine visual attributes - such as occlusion, fast motion, background clutter, etc. Our benchmark provides an extensive evaluation of many recent and state-of-the-art trackers on higher frame rate sequences. We ranked each of these trackers according to their tracking accuracy and real-time performance. One of our surprising conclusions is that at higher frame rates, simple trackers such as correlation filters outperform complex methods based on deep networks. This suggests that for practical applications (such as in robotics or embedded vision), one needs to carefully tradeoff bandwidth constraints associated with higher frame rate acquisition, computational costs of real-time analysis, and the required application accuracy. Our dataset and benchmark allows for the first time (to our knowledge) systematic exploration of such issues, and will be made available to allow for further research in this space.
Key facts. Cited by 137 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Mar 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 28; 2022: 29; 2023: 20; 2024: 27; 2025: 14; 2026: 19.
137 papers.
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- 2021Transformer Trackingcited by 412
- 2021Learning Spatio-Temporal Transformer for Visual Trackingcited by 348
- 2022Joint Feature Learning and Relation Modeling for Tracking: A One-Stream Frameworkcited by 328
- 2021Transformer Meets Tracker: Exploiting Temporal Context for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 220
- 2022AiATrack: Attention in Attention for Transformer Visual Trackingcited by 137
- 2021Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Trackcited by 131
- 2021VisEvent: Reliable Object Tracking via Collaboration of Frame and Event Flowscited by 128
- 2021Towards More Flexible and Accurate Object Tracking with Natural Language: Algorithms and Benchmarkcited by 124
- 2022Transforming Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 117
- 2023Generalized Relation Modeling for Transformer Trackingcited by 93
- 2024SAMURAI: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Zero-Shot Visual Tracking with Motion-Aware Memorycited by 91
- 2023Robust Object Modeling for Visual Trackingcited by 80
38 more
- 2023HIPTrack: Visual Tracking with Historical Promptscited by 71
- 2024Tracking Meets LoRA: Faster Training, Larger Model, Stronger Performancecited by 70
- 2024A Distractor-Aware Memory for Visual Object Tracking with SAM2cited by 63
- 2023Exploring Lightweight Hierarchical Vision Transformers for Efficient Visual Trackingcited by 53
- 2021Efficient Visual Tracking with Exemplar Transformerscited by 48
- 2023Frame-Event Alignment and Fusion Network for High Frame Rate Trackingcited by 43
- 2021FEAR: Fast, Efficient, Accurate and Robust Visual Trackercited by 38
- 2022Robust Visual Tracking by Segmentationcited by 38
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Trackingcited by 36
- 2021Anti-UAV: A Large Multi-Modal Benchmark for UAV Trackingcited by 31
- 2023Separable Self and Mixed Attention Transformers for Efficient Object Trackingcited by 31
- 2021Saliency-Associated Object Trackingcited by 30
- 2023EgoTracks: A Long-term Egocentric Visual Object Tracking Datasetcited by 27
- 2023E-MLB: Multilevel Benchmark for Event-Based Camera Denoisingcited by 27
- 2024Unifying Visual and Vision-Language Tracking via Contrastive Learningcited by 27
- 2022WebUAV-3M: A Benchmark for Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep UAV Trackingcited by 26
- 2021IoU Attack: Towards Temporally Coherent Black-Box Adversarial Attack for Visual Object Trackingcited by 25
- 2022Learning Target-aware Representation for Visual Tracking via Informative Interactionscited by 25
- 2022Visual Object Tracking in First Person Visioncited by 25
- 2024VastTrack: Vast Category Visual Object Trackingcited by 25
- 2022Efficient Visual Tracking via Hierarchical Cross-Attention Transformercited by 24
- 2023Type-to-Track: Retrieve Any Object via Prompt-based Trackingcited by 24
- 2025SPMTrack: Spatio-Temporal Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning with Mixture of Experts for Scalable Visual Trackingcited by 23
- 2021Triple-cooperative Video Shadow Detectioncited by 22
- 2022AVisT: A Benchmark for Visual Object Tracking in Adverse Visibilitycited by 22
- 2021Is First Person Vision Challenging for Object Tracking?cited by 21
- 2023Unified Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for Single- and Multi-Modal Visual Object Trackingcited by 20
- 2022Global Instance Tracking: Locating Target More Like Humanscited by 18
- 2022Learning Spatial-Frequency Transformer for Visual Object Trackingcited by 18
- 2024CRSOT: Cross-Resolution Object Tracking using Unaligned Frame and Event Camerascited by 17
- 2023LiteTrack: Layer Pruning with Asynchronous Feature Extraction for Lightweight and Efficient Visual Trackingcited by 16
- 2023Semi-Supervised Visual Tracking of Marine Animals using Autonomous Underwater Vehiclescited by 15
- 2025Two-stream Beats One-stream: Asymmetric Siamese Network for Efficient Visual Trackingcited by 15
- 2021TrTr: Visual Tracking with Transformercited by 14
- 2022High-Performance Transformer Trackingcited by 14
- 2022Towards Sequence-Level Training for Visual Trackingcited by 13
- 2022Learning Spatially Varying Pixel Exposures for Motion Deblurringcited by 12
- 2021Optical Flow Estimation from a Single Motion-blurred Imagecited by 11
50 most cited of 137 All 137 (JSON)
- 2026Continuous Token-Level Spatio-Temporal Context Modeling for Visual Object Tracking7 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning to Track from Privileged Target Appearances2 Sep 2026
- 2026MaST: Motion-aware Sparse Pipeline for Lightweight Object Tracking25 Aug 2026
- 2026Models as Tools: An Agentic Coordination Framework for Unified Multimodal Visual Tracking1 Aug 2026
- 2026An Efficient Token Compression Framework for Visual Object Tracking8 May 2026
- 2026RELO: Reinforcement Learning to Localize for Visual Object Tracking8 May 2026
- 2026Seeing Fast and Slow: Learning the Flow of Time in Videos23 Apr 2026
- 2026Interactive Tracking: A Human-in-the-Loop Paradigm with Memory-Augmented Adaptation2 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond MACs: Hardware Efficient Architecture Design for Vision Backbones27 Mar 2026
- 2026Uni-MDTrack: Learning Decoupled Memory and Dynamic States for Parameter-Efficient Visual Tracking in All Modality15 Mar 2026
- 2026Architecture and evaluation protocol for transformer-based visual object tracking in UAV applications4 Mar 2026
- 2026Search Multilayer Perceptron-Based Fusion for Efficient and Accurate Siamese Tracking2 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026UETrack: A Unified and Efficient Framework for Single Object Tracking2 Mar 2026
- 2026Subtle Motion Blur Detection and Segmentation from Static Image Artworks21 Feb 2026
- 2026GOT-JEPA: Generic Object Tracking with Model Adaptation and Occlusion Handling using Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture16 Feb 2026
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editing9 Feb 2026
- 2026FARTrack: Fast Autoregressive Visual Tracking with High Performance3 Feb 2026
- 2026SMTrack: State-Aware Mamba for Efficient Temporal Modeling in Visual Tracking2 Feb 2026
- 2026Exploring Reliable Spatiotemporal Dependencies for Efficient Visual Tracking14 Jan 2026
- 2025Instant Video Models: Universal Adapters for Stabilizing Image-Based Networks2 Dec 2025
- 2025UniSOT: A Unified Framework for Multi-Modality Single Object Tracking3 Nov 2025
- 2025SAM 2++: Tracking Anything at Any Granularity21 Oct 2025
- 2025Distractor-Aware Memory-Based Visual Object Tracking17 Sep 2025
- 2025Video Understanding by Design: How Datasets Shape Video Models11 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-State Tracker: Enhancing Efficient Object Tracking via Multi-State Specialization and Interaction15 Aug 2025
- 2025ReasoningTrack: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Long-term Vision-Language Tracking7 Aug 2025
- 2025SAMITE: Position Prompted SAM2 with Calibrated Memory for Visual Object Tracking29 Jul 2025
- 2025Is Tracking really more challenging in First Person Egocentric Vision?21 Jul 2025
- 2025Exploiting Lightweight Hierarchical ViT and Dynamic Framework for Efficient Visual Tracking25 Jun 2025
- 2025MVTD: A Benchmark Dataset for Maritime Visual Object Tracking3 Jun 2025
- 2025SPMTrack: Spatio-Temporal Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning with Mixture of Experts for Scalable Visual Tracking24 Mar 2025
- 2025Two-stream Beats One-stream: Asymmetric Siamese Network for Efficient Visual Tracking1 Mar 2025
- 2025MITracker: Multi-View Integration for Visual Object Tracking27 Feb 2025
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Tracking15 Dec 2024
- 2024On Motion Blur and Deblurring in Visual Place Recognition10 Dec 2024
- 2024GSOT3D: Towards Generic 3D Single Object Tracking in the Wild3 Dec 2024
- 2024Improving Accuracy and Generalization for Efficient Visual Tracking28 Nov 2024
- 2024A Distractor-Aware Memory for Visual Object Tracking with SAM226 Nov 2024
- 2024SAMURAI: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Zero-Shot Visual Tracking with Motion-Aware Memory18 Nov 2024
- 2024NT-VOT211: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Night-time Visual Object Tracking27 Oct 2024
- 2024Depth Attention for Robust RGB Tracking27 Oct 2024
- 2024Quanta Video Restoration19 Oct 2024
- 2024Improving Visual Object Tracking through Visual Prompting27 Sep 2024
- 2024Distilling Channels for Efficient Deep Tracking18 Sep 2024
- 2024MouseSIS: A Frames-and-Events Dataset for Space-Time Instance Segmentation of Mice5 Sep 2024
- 2024Camouflaged Object Tracking: A Benchmark25 Aug 2024
- 2024Tracking Reflected Objects: A Benchmark7 Jul 2024
- 2024Efficient Event Stream Super-Resolution with Recursive Multi-Branch Fusion28 Jun 2024
- 2024Streaming quanta sensors for online, high-performance imaging and vision2 Jun 2024
- 2024Beyond Traditional Single Object Tracking: A Survey16 May 2024
50 newest of 137 All 137 (JSON)
- 2021Transformer Trackingcited by 412
- 2021Learning Spatio-Temporal Transformer for Visual Trackingcited by 348
- 2022Joint Feature Learning and Relation Modeling for Tracking: A One-Stream Frameworkcited by 328
- 2021Transformer Meets Tracker: Exploiting Temporal Context for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 220
- 2022AiATrack: Attention in Attention for Transformer Visual Trackingcited by 137
- 2021Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Trackcited by 131
- 2021VisEvent: Reliable Object Tracking via Collaboration of Frame and Event Flowscited by 128
- 2021Towards More Flexible and Accurate Object Tracking with Natural Language: Algorithms and Benchmarkcited by 124
- 2022Transforming Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 117
- 2023Generalized Relation Modeling for Transformer Trackingcited by 93
- 2024SAMURAI: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Zero-Shot Visual Tracking with Motion-Aware Memorycited by 91
- 2023Robust Object Modeling for Visual Trackingcited by 80
12 most cited of 132 All 132 (JSON)
- 2026Continuous Token-Level Spatio-Temporal Context Modeling for Visual Object Tracking7 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning to Track from Privileged Target Appearances2 Sep 2026
- 2026MaST: Motion-aware Sparse Pipeline for Lightweight Object Tracking25 Aug 2026
- 2026An Efficient Token Compression Framework for Visual Object Tracking8 May 2026
- 2026RELO: Reinforcement Learning to Localize for Visual Object Tracking8 May 2026
- 2026Seeing Fast and Slow: Learning the Flow of Time in Videos23 Apr 2026
- 2026Interactive Tracking: A Human-in-the-Loop Paradigm with Memory-Augmented Adaptation2 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond MACs: Hardware Efficient Architecture Design for Vision Backbones27 Mar 2026
- 2026Uni-MDTrack: Learning Decoupled Memory and Dynamic States for Parameter-Efficient Visual Tracking in All Modality15 Mar 2026
- 2026Architecture and evaluation protocol for transformer-based visual object tracking in UAV applications4 Mar 2026
- 2026Search Multilayer Perceptron-Based Fusion for Efficient and Accurate Siamese Tracking2 Mar 2026
- 2026UETrack: A Unified and Efficient Framework for Single Object Tracking2 Mar 2026
12 newest of 132 All 132 (JSON)