Learning Background-Aware Correlation Filters for Visual Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
Correlation Filters (CFs) have recently demonstrated excellent performance in terms of rapidly tracking objects under challenging photometric and geometric variations. The strength of the approach comes from its ability to efficiently learn - "on the fly" - how the object is changing over time. A fundamental drawback to CFs, however, is that the background of the object is not be modelled over time which can result in suboptimal results. In this paper we propose a Background-Aware CF that can model how both the foreground and background of the object varies over time. Our approach, like conventional CFs, is extremely computationally efficient - and extensive experiments over multiple tracking benchmarks demonstrate the superior accuracy and real-time performance of our method compared to the state-of-the-art trackers including those based on a deep learning paradigm.
Key facts. Cited by 65 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 25; 2022: 12; 2023: 12; 2024: 8; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
65 papers.
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- 2022MixFormer: End-to-End Tracking with Iterative Mixed Attentioncited by 278
- 2021Transformer Meets Tracker: Exploiting Temporal Context for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 220
- 2021Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Trackcited by 131
- 2022Transforming Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 117
- 2023Robust Object Modeling for Visual Trackingcited by 80
- 2022Transformer Tracking with Cyclic Shifting Window Attentioncited by 75
- 2021HiFT: Hierarchical Feature Transformer for Aerial Trackingcited by 72
- 2022TCTrack: Temporal Contexts for Aerial Trackingcited by 69
- 2021Learn to Match: Automatic Matching Network Design for Visual Trackingcited by 67
- 2021Do Different Tracking Tasks Require Different Appearance Models?cited by 62
- 2022Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Nighttime Aerial Trackingcited by 56
- 2021Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Filters and Siamese Networks: A Survey and Outlookcited by 45
38 more
- 2021SiamAPN++: Siamese Attentional Aggregation Network for Real-Time UAV Trackingcited by 38
- 2021MFGNet: Dynamic Modality-Aware Filter Generation for RGB-T Trackingcited by 32
- 2021Anti-UAV: A Large Multi-Modal Benchmark for UAV Trackingcited by 31
- 2021All-Day Object Tracking for Unmanned Aerial Vehiclecited by 28
- 2022WebUAV-3M: A Benchmark for Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep UAV Trackingcited by 26
- 2023Towards Real-World Visual Tracking with Temporal Contextscited by 26
- 2022Visual Object Tracking in First Person Visioncited by 25
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Taskscited by 22
- 2025Learning Occlusion-Robust Vision Transformers for Real-Time UAV Trackingcited by 22
- 2021Is First Person Vision Challenging for Object Tracking?cited by 21
- 2024XTrack: Multimodal Training Boosts RGB-X Video Object Trackerscited by 20
- 2022Global Instance Tracking: Locating Target More Like Humanscited by 18
- 2021Dynamic Attention guided Multi-Trajectory Analysis for Single Object Trackingcited by 17
- 2021ADTrack: Target-Aware Dual Filter Learning for Real-Time Anti-Dark UAV Trackingcited by 17
- 2021Siamese Transformer Pyramid Networks for Real-Time UAV Trackingcited by 15
- 2022Deep Learning Serves Traffic Safety Analysis: A Forward-looking Reviewcited by 13
- 2021Learning Residue-Aware Correlation Filters and Refining Scale Estimates with the GrabCut for Real-Time UAV Trackingcited by 9
- 2023Towards Discriminative Representations with Contrastive Instances for Real-Time UAV Trackingcited by 9
- 2024Correlation-Embedded Transformer Tracking: A Single-Branch Frameworkcited by 9
- 2025Temporal Unlearnable Examples: Preventing Personal Video Data from Unauthorized Exploitation by Object Trackingcited by 9
- 2022Rank-Based Filter Pruning for Real-Time UAV Trackingcited by 8
- 2023Underwater Object Tracker: UOSTrack for Marine Organism Grasping of Underwater Vehiclescited by 7
- 2023Prototype-based Cross-Modal Object Trackingcited by 7
- 2021SiamCorners: Siamese Corner Networks for Visual Trackingcited by 6
- 2021Mutation Sensitive Correlation Filter for Real-Time UAV Tracking with Adaptive Hybrid Labelcited by 6
- 2021Predictive Visual Tracking: A New Benchmark and Baseline Approachcited by 5
- 2023Learning Disentangled Representation with Mutual Information Maximization for Real-Time UAV Trackingcited by 5
- 2024Spatio-temporal Prompting Network for Robust Video Feature Extractioncited by 5
- 2023BACTrack: Building Appearance Collection for Aerial Trackingcited by 4
- 2021Equivalence of Correlation Filter and Convolution Filter in Visual Trackingcited by 3
- 20213D Visual Tracking Framework with Deep Learning for Asteroid Explorationcited by 3
- 2023SiamTHN: Siamese Target Highlight Network for Visual Trackingcited by 3
- 2024Multi-step Temporal Modeling for UAV Trackingcited by 3
- 2024NT-VOT211: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Night-time Visual Object Trackingcited by 3
- 2021Benchmarking Deep Trackers on Aerial Videoscited by 2
- 2022Single Object Tracking Research: A Surveycited by 2
- 2023X Modality Assisting RGBT Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2021Deep Convolutional Correlation Iterative Particle Filter for Visual Trackingcited by 1
50 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)
- 2026MSP-Net: Manifold-Guided Spectral Prompt Network for Hyperspectral Object Tracking10 Aug 2026
- 2026GOT-JEPA: Generic Object Tracking with Model Adaptation and Occlusion Handling using Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture16 Feb 2026
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editing9 Feb 2026
- 2025Temporal Unlearnable Examples: Preventing Personal Video Data from Unauthorized Exploitation by Object Tracking10 Jul 2025
- 2025TrackingMiM: Efficient Mamba-in-Mamba Serialization for Real-time UAV Object Tracking2 Jul 2025
- 2025DCFG: Diverse Cross-Channel Fine-Grained Feature Learning and Progressive Fusion Siamese Tracker for Thermal Infrared Target Tracking19 Apr 2025
- 2025Learning Occlusion-Robust Vision Transformers for Real-Time UAV Tracking12 Apr 2025
- 2025Target-aware Bidirectional Fusion Transformer for Aerial Object Tracking13 Mar 2025
- 2024Learning an Adaptive and View-Invariant Vision Transformer for Real-Time UAV Tracking28 Dec 2024
- 2024NT-VOT211: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Night-time Visual Object Tracking27 Oct 2024
- 2024Performance Evaluation of Deep Learning-based Quadrotor UAV Detection and Tracking Methods30 Sep 2024
- 2024Learning Motion Blur Robust Vision Transformers for Real-Time UAV Tracking7 Jul 2024
38 more
- 2024XTrack: Multimodal Training Boosts RGB-X Video Object Trackers28 May 2024
- 2024Multi-step Temporal Modeling for UAV Tracking7 Mar 2024
- 2024Spatio-temporal Prompting Network for Robust Video Feature Extraction4 Feb 2024
- 2024Correlation-Embedded Transformer Tracking: A Single-Branch Framework23 Jan 2024
- 2023X Modality Assisting RGBT Object Tracking27 Dec 2023
- 2023Prototype-based Cross-Modal Object Tracking22 Dec 2023
- 2023BACTrack: Building Appearance Collection for Aerial Tracking11 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards Discriminative Representations with Contrastive Instances for Real-Time UAV Tracking22 Aug 2023
- 2023Towards Real-World Visual Tracking with Temporal Contexts20 Aug 2023
- 2023Learning Disentangled Representation with Mutual Information Maximization for Real-Time UAV Tracking20 Aug 2023
- 2023HHTrack: Hyperspectral Object Tracking Using Hybrid Attention14 Aug 2023
- 2023Robust Object Modeling for Visual Tracking9 Aug 2023
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Tasks2 Apr 2023
- 2023SiamTHN: Siamese Target Highlight Network for Visual Tracking22 Mar 2023
- 2023MixFormer: End-to-End Tracking with Iterative Mixed Attention6 Feb 2023
- 2023Underwater Object Tracker: UOSTrack for Marine Organism Grasping of Underwater Vehicles4 Jan 2023
- 2022Visual Object Tracking in First Person Vision27 Sep 2022
- 2022Rank-Based Filter Pruning for Real-Time UAV Tracking5 Jul 2022
- 2022Transformer Tracking with Cyclic Shifting Window Attention8 May 2022
- 2022Sparse Regularized Correlation Filter for UAV Object Tracking with adaptive Contextual Learning and Keyfilter Selection7 May 2022
- 2022Single Object Tracking Research: A Survey25 Apr 2022
- 2022Transforming Model Prediction for Tracking21 Mar 2022
- 2022MixFormer: End-to-End Tracking with Iterative Mixed Attention21 Mar 2022
- 2022Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Nighttime Aerial Tracking20 Mar 2022
- 2022Deep Learning Serves Traffic Safety Analysis: A Forward-looking Review7 Mar 2022
- 2022TCTrack: Temporal Contexts for Aerial Tracking3 Mar 2022
- 2022Global Instance Tracking: Locating Target More Like Humans26 Feb 2022
- 2022WebUAV-3M: A Benchmark for Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep UAV Tracking19 Jan 2022
- 2021Recursive Least-Squares Estimator-Aided Online Learning for Visual Tracking28 Dec 2021
- 2021Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Filters and Siamese Networks: A Survey and Outlook6 Dec 2021
- 20213D Visual Tracking Framework with Deep Learning for Asteroid Exploration21 Nov 2021
- 2021Siamese Transformer Pyramid Networks for Real-Time UAV Tracking17 Oct 2021
- 2021Pyramid Correlation based Deep Hough Voting for Visual Object Tracking15 Oct 2021
- 2021Is First Person Vision Challenging for Object Tracking?31 Aug 2021
- 2021Learn to Match: Automatic Matching Network Design for Visual Tracking2 Aug 2021
- 2021HiFT: Hierarchical Feature Transformer for Aerial Tracking31 Jul 2021
- 2021MFGNet: Dynamic Modality-Aware Filter Generation for RGB-T Tracking22 Jul 2021
- 2021Deep Convolutional Correlation Iterative Particle Filter for Visual Tracking7 Jul 2021
50 newest of 65 All 65 (JSON)
- 2022MixFormer: End-to-End Tracking with Iterative Mixed Attentioncited by 278
- 2021Transformer Meets Tracker: Exploiting Temporal Context for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 220
- 2021Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Trackcited by 131
- 2022Transforming Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 117
- 2023Robust Object Modeling for Visual Trackingcited by 80
- 2022Transformer Tracking with Cyclic Shifting Window Attentioncited by 75
- 2021HiFT: Hierarchical Feature Transformer for Aerial Trackingcited by 72
- 2022TCTrack: Temporal Contexts for Aerial Trackingcited by 69
- 2021Learn to Match: Automatic Matching Network Design for Visual Trackingcited by 67
- 2021Do Different Tracking Tasks Require Different Appearance Models?cited by 62
- 2022Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Nighttime Aerial Trackingcited by 56
- 2021Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Filters and Siamese Networks: A Survey and Outlookcited by 45
12 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2026MSP-Net: Manifold-Guided Spectral Prompt Network for Hyperspectral Object Tracking10 Aug 2026
- 2026GOT-JEPA: Generic Object Tracking with Model Adaptation and Occlusion Handling using Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture16 Feb 2026
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editing9 Feb 2026
- 2025Temporal Unlearnable Examples: Preventing Personal Video Data from Unauthorized Exploitation by Object Tracking10 Jul 2025
- 2025DCFG: Diverse Cross-Channel Fine-Grained Feature Learning and Progressive Fusion Siamese Tracker for Thermal Infrared Target Tracking19 Apr 2025
- 2025Learning Occlusion-Robust Vision Transformers for Real-Time UAV Tracking12 Apr 2025
- 2025Target-aware Bidirectional Fusion Transformer for Aerial Object Tracking13 Mar 2025
- 2024Learning an Adaptive and View-Invariant Vision Transformer for Real-Time UAV Tracking28 Dec 2024
- 2024NT-VOT211: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Night-time Visual Object Tracking27 Oct 2024
- 2024Performance Evaluation of Deep Learning-based Quadrotor UAV Detection and Tracking Methods30 Sep 2024
- 2024Learning Motion Blur Robust Vision Transformers for Real-Time UAV Tracking7 Jul 2024
- 2024XTrack: Multimodal Training Boosts RGB-X Video Object Trackers28 May 2024
12 newest of 64 All 64 (JSON)